Corrections Essay

What works for one individual may not work for another. If the offender is serving time for pedophilia, rape, murder, or drugs it could be that it Is who they view themselves as and will not change for the better. The recidivism rate for all prisoners, no matter what their crime may be, is high in prisons all around the world. The more time that a prisoner spends time in prison, the more likely they are to either return to prison or to violate their parole. The fact of the matter Is one has to see the change they want in themselves before omen can force them to change.Prisoners who are enrolled in prison rehabilitation programs are still as likely, If not more, to return to prison. It Is only those who successfully complete the education programs provided for them who have lower recidivism rates. This is because they have sought to change for the better, and were not forced to change. However, most prisoners who attend these programs are usually the ones who have been in prison the l ongest. Those prisoners who successfully completed the programs where more often then not, the ones who had better chances at becoming successful parolees.The criminal Justice system should focus more on punishment-oriented programs to discourage prisoners from returning. If prisons began enforcing very strict and difficult prison policies, it can make a prisoner see the change that society wants to see for themselves. Most repeat offenders feel more comfortable on the inside then they do on the outside. This Is a very sad and true fact. They become so adapt to living In prisons that they almost consider It a home. When they are subsequently released, they feel Like they do not belong In normal society, thus returning to crime.Another sad reality Is that many businesses and corporations will not higher these inmates due to their records. If the united States penal system enforced strict and almost hellish conditions in these prisons, such as solitary confinement for the majority of their sentence this may change. The prison systems could focus on such harsh punishments, such as no contact with others. The only time contact with others should be allowed is when they choose to attend rehabilitation programs. As time goes on, and the more successful the inmate becomes in the program, prison officials can lessen the rashness of their punishments.This, in the beginning, forces the prisoners to attend the program. However, the prisoner must find It within themselves to successfully complete their education. This makes the prisoners work for their freedom and the change that they want to see. If a prisoner does not complete the requirements of the rehabilitation then can go back to the strict punishments. It Is their choice, and they cannot be forced change. They have to want it. On the outside innocent. They should do this by upholding the law to such a standard that encourages individuals that they do not want to commit a crime.Law enforcement agents should have th e power to do whatever is necessary to take down those who break the law. Currently law enforcement officials have more restrictions placed on themselves by the law, then the criminals breaking it, which makes it that much more difficult to enforce the law. There seem to be far to many loopholes in the Justice system that protects the offenders. It is my personal belief that once you break the law, you have limited rights. We should not be sending our own people who protect there to Jail for police brutality and so on.If someone rapes a woman and then tries to attack the arresting officer, the police are well within their respective rights to do whatever it is necessary to bring said individual to Justice. Such acts will discourage many from committing crimes. If you decided to break the law, well then that is a conscious decision that you made. It is you who should pay for the crimes, not the police. People should feel safe around the police if one has not committed a crime, but if you do break the law one should be terrified. The fear should come from what he police are capable of doing to you to enforce the law.However, law enforcement officials should be trained to asses the amount of force needed to instill enough fear within the individual by a case by case basis. If you get pulled over for running a red light, a cop cannot pull you out of the car and start beating you. Although, if you murder or rape someone, cops should be allowed to punish you. This will in turn instill fear within the offender not to commit the crime again, due to the treatment you receive from the police, and then the harsh prison system mentioned previously.

English Language development – “Danny and his mum”

The extracts in which I have analysed are conversations between a young child, Danny and his mother. The three stages are approximately 3 months apart from each other. Stage A at 21 months, Stage B at 24 months, and Stage C at 27 months. All children are unique in their language development and they're difficult to study. Their concentration span usually affects how they can be studied, often the child will wander off or just simply be uncooperative in any way possible. Children are usually very inconsistent and sometimes it is difficult to determine whether the child is actually learning language or whether imitative behaviour is playing a role. E.g. â€Å"Hello† â€Å"Hello.† Everybody has a limited vocabulary, this is especially obvious in young children often the evidence of a child putting a sentence together is ambiguous. E.g. â€Å"I doing like this all day† depending on the context and the tone of voice this sentence could mean He likes doing something all day (with incorrect word order) Or he's behaving like this all the time (where the problem may be a limited vocabulary) Finally, there is a time lag between understanding language and production of language, especially where children are concerned they can always take in more than they can produce in their own language. Concerning language theories it is difficult to determine at what age a child should be able to a specific skill, however below is a guideline of which acquisition skills are usually achieved and at what age. 6-8 weeks: cooing (repeating vowel sounds) 6-7 months: babbling (consonants and intonation) Reduplicated babbling (babababa) 10 months: gestures, pointing 11-12 months: variegated babbling (bigodabu) 12 months: one-word utterances â€Å"ball,† â€Å"water,† â€Å"up† 18 months: Telegraphic speech Two-word utterances in their simplest form (â€Å"baby cry,† â€Å"push truck†) 2 – 3 years Morphology Use of function words, prefixes, suffixes (ing endings prepositions, plural) Over-regularisation's, Syntax Sentences gradually become longer, more complex â€Å"Daddy ball† â€Å"Daddy throw ball† â€Å"Will you throw the ball, Daddy?† Below are some theories of Language Development Nativistic-There is an inborn language acquisition devise (LAD) that transforms the surface structure of language into an internal deep structure that the child readily understands. Cognitive-Developmental- Cognitive and language development progress together. Children are analysing content prior to extracting grammatical structures. Environmental Learning – The environment provides children with requisite learning experiences to acquire language. Parents facilitate language acquisition by providing a language acquisition support system (LASS). The preverbal period – Speech Perception – Babies are born with categorical perception of many speech contrasts, including many that do not occur in their own language. Exposure to specific contrasts of their own language facilitates discrimination ability, such that older children and adults can no longer hear many speech contrasts that young infants can discriminate. Babies prefer speech sounds to other sounds, particularly the rising and falling intonations many adults use when speaking to young children (i.e. â€Å"motherese†). The preverbal period – Early Sounds and Gestures. The first sounds are cries and guttural physiological noises. – Cooing appears at about 2 months, while reduplicated babbling begins at 6 months. Near the end of the first year, babbling becomes more speech-like in sound and intonation. Gestures serve many pragmatic functions for infants, initially taking the form of requests (e.g., gesture to be picked up) and referential communication (pointing), and later functioning as symbols to label objects, events, and attributes. At approximately 12-months children utter what is recognised by most parents to be their first words. While the first word utterance may appear sudden and discontinuous, it is in fact part of a gradual and continuous process. At approximately 18-months, children's vocabularies increase rapidly, with nouns comprising the majority of children's first words. This has been called the naming explosion. There are large individual differences in the proportion of nouns children use. Some children use a high proportion of nouns in what is termed a â€Å"referential style.† Others use more of a mix of phrases, including frozen phrases such as â€Å"What's that?† and â€Å"Lemmee see,† that characterise what has been termed an â€Å"expressive style.† This latter style emphasises pragmatic functions of language rather than labelling. Some research suggests that girls are more likely to use a referential style and some researchers believe that this may be related to differences in rearing environments for boys and girls. Doll play may involve more labelling than truck play. The nature of children's early words à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Overextensions- calling the cat a â€Å"doggie† à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Underextensions – less common than overextensions, calling a pigeon robin a bird but not calling a robin a bird. Coining – children create new words that are not part of adult language à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ First Word Combinations occur as children begin to approach 24-months of age. There is tremendous cross-language commonality in the occurrence of two-word combinations and other aspects of language unfolding. In the case of Danny at 2 years (24 months) he shows inconsistency in coherence and grammar. Danny is at the two-word stage â€Å"more statue† however he does not fully understand the use of plurals and verbs and therefore cannot produce a correct sentence. He finds it difficult to produce a long sentence due to lack of conjunctions â€Å"and† therefore he uses fillers and stutters to keep his turns going. His pronunciation is not good he is not fluent and stutters in some parts of the conversation â€Å"the big long lo long long train† which may be down to his limited lexis. However towards the end of the conversation his pronunciation develops â€Å"fast car vintage† as a direct cause of new lexis being learnt. His word order is incorrect in most sentences however, this does improve towards the end of the conversation which could be due to imitative behaviour â€Å"splash piggy† or that Danny has actually understood the language â€Å"Becca draw on there† his word order improves but areas of speech such as tenses prove difficult for Danny. At this stage Danny's mum's input is sometimes quite confusing and seems to leave Danny more confused than anything â€Å"What's he lifting up? What's the crane lifting up?† this could be because she is trying to find the correct level to come into the conversation at, however Danny is left simply confused. On many occasions her sentences are far too complex for Danny or even a more advanced 2-year-old â€Å"What do you think it's doing if it's got brushes on the car?† â€Å"What do you think he's putting the water on the road for?† His mother uses prompt â€Å"isn't it?† she attempts to involve Danny in the conversation whenever possible she also repetition and imitation to back up what he says whether it be correct or nearly â€Å"fast car vintage.† this is a successful technique because instead of trying to rush his development by correcting every small error she looks for sentences where a part of speech is correct. E.g. word order may be correc t but he fails to use tenses, instead of confusing Danny completely she picks up on the good parts of his speech. For the first time Danny uses endings â€Å"ing† and â€Å"s† and produces his first perfect sentence â€Å"look there's one† although it is basic statement it shows Danny is improving every day. He uses a double negative â€Å"no not sitting† because he is yet to develop the skill of disagreement. Danny even corrects his mother â€Å"Daddy sit there† this shows a growing confidence in the youngster and growing ability. Towards the end of the conversation he becomes more coherent, his grammar improves, his vocabulary becomes wider and he begins to develop the skill of turntaking. At 27 months Danny produces longer turns â€Å"I don't want to go to Watchett† he is more coherent and his understanding develops immensely. As regards imitation, Danny leads the conversation, which shows how he has developed in a mere three months. In parts he uses telegraphic language â€Å"I got a library book† However, he uses self correction to again show how his understanding has developed â€Å"I†¦we don't want go and see them.† Another development from 24 months is the use of conjunctions â€Å"no I don't want I want to go when I get bigger want to go on my own a a Watchett.† This example is a long turn for Danny with fairly complex features, he incorporates a new learnt ending â€Å"er† which he uses correctly and doesn't mix it up. Adults tend to use â€Å"we† instead of â€Å"I† It is evident with Danny that children do pick up on this. â€Å"We're going to be good today aren't we?† The child doesn't understand why the â€Å"we† is used and simply imitates it because it is believed to be correct. Danny uses three verbs in one sentence â€Å"I don't want to go to Watchett† which is an incredible achievement from three months previous. Danny begins to incorporate his own vocabulary into the conversation â€Å"television† he sets the agenda in the conversation, his mother however, still takes the lead but not as directly. Danny uses past and future â€Å"when get bigger† tenses towards the end of the conversation however cannot quite master perfect tense although they are not completely grammatically correct it is evident that Danny really is learning competently and steadily. His mother uses tag questions to prompt Danny â€Å"called Harry isn't he?† this is effective to a certain degree as Danny replies â€Å"Harry† whether this is due to knowledge or simply imitation is not evident. She tries to help Danny to develop his labelling skills â€Å"that dog† however, this technique isn't as successful as others are possibly because Danny is too young or maybe he simply doesn't understand what his mother is trying to do. She seems to make more sense to Danny in this particular conversation, and is no longer needed to over power Danny as leader of the conversation they are more equal, which brings out the best in Danny it is almost as though they are socialising and taking part in a proper conversation instead of Danny's mum trying to get the best out of Danny by constantly prompting and correcting her son. To conclude, the major developments made have been the endings learnt, the expansion on vocabulary without imitation, the use of tenses, longer more correct turns and understanding. Danny's progress is evident in most aspects of speech. Compared to the guidelines of how a child's speech should have improved with age Danny is slightly behind, this isn't because he is less intelligent or has a problem it is simply because no child is average, no one has the same learning speed because this is part of being an individual. Danny's mum became less in charge as Danny got older, she was no longer needed to lead the conversation and therefore both Danny and his mum were on more of an equal status, she no longer needed to correct Danny because towards the end he began to understand her. The turns of both Danny and his mum became longer as he aged this shows the major development in Danny's language acquisition that he is no longer dependent on his mother and has his own be it small vocabulary. Danny is still to learn a more vast vocabulary but this will come with age and experience, he is yet to perfect his use of tenses and sometimes telegraphic language plays a part in his turns. The majority of his language is good but not perfect, but even teenagers have difficulty in this area nobody's language is ever perfect. He has to improve fluency but this will come once he has a wider vocabulary. Overall Danny has progressed competently in all areas of speech, he is not ahead for his age but as explained we are all individuals and do not follow a trend by any means.

Analysis of the Effect of Problem-Based Learning on Critical Thinking Essay

Analysis of the Effect of Problem-Based Learning on Critical Thinking Skills in Undergraduate Nursing Students - Essay Example It is an adaptive measure to handle simple and complex scenarios in a nursing field. It is apparent that the problem based learning principles tries to develop a curriculum that is relevant and appropriate. This curriculum is based on the ability to provide students with a platform to grow their critical thinking capacity. Through the implementation, students develop skills to integrate knowledge acquired in problem solving. This study shows that PBL has a positive impact in critical thinking. It provides basic self-evaluation and the installation of personal effort in providing solutions. This helps in sailing through complex issues with ease through a distinctive reasoning. In a nursing field, the complex scenarios require prior knowledge and the ability to confidently face the situation. In the past few decades there have been great advances and transformations in health care. These are attributed in the rapid growth of technology and theory. Most of these changes in the nursing field are associated with incumbent moral and ethical dilemmas existing in their daily practice. Due to these changes, nurses must be more equipped to deal with the complex changes. They are required to be skilled in reasoning abilities and high level thinking. According to Fowler (2008), the complexity of current healthcare demands critical thinking. Daily, nurses are involved in decision making. They are required to navigate through different problems thus the need to have knowledge for problem solving. This makes the use critical thinking crucial in the examination of simple and complex scenarios in a nursing field. Critical thinking helps nurses and nursing students in quality improvement. There are clinical proficiencies that combine the analysis and synthesis of clinical information in patient care situations. They are designed to prepare future nurses think critically in a variety of their

No child left behind act Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

No child left behind act - Essay Example The report states the alarming statistics of how competing15 year old international students were better at math then the Americans’ by of scoring lower than peers among pupils from other industrialized countries. Despite the staggering numbers, and the drop rates of 7000 school children on daily basis, the NCLB refuses to step back. It held public hearings cross the country, these talks taking the commission from Atlanta, Connecticut, Wisconsin, California, Hartford, to Madison, Georgia, Massachusetts and even Cambridge. 46 individuals from state policy makers to teachers, parents, officials and even advocates testified on behalf of thousands of people, reflecting on how the law has affected numerous lives. As Nathaniel Branden says, â€Å"The first step toward change is awareness. The second step is acceptance†. As if this isn’t enough evidence for the constantly functioning system, the collection of more than 10000 comments via its website reflects how citizen s are enthusiastic and aware of the reform being taken. Darling Hammond’s essay published in 2007 states the rather bitter sweet side of the NCLB reform, backing her arguments by yet another set of alarming statistics about the American education over the years. ... ccording to Darling Hammond, the â€Å"kill drill† system of MCQS as testing strategy has discouraged students from carrying out research analysis and experimental work which is a better measure of their knowledge and skill. NCLBs initiative according to both the essays, to label or point out more and more schools as â€Å"failing† from Darling Hammond’s view is harmful and unfair. She quotes in her essay the words of principal from Florida who points out that the already sidelined â€Å"failing† schools have little or no hope in getting help from the NCLB. NCLB has in its paradigm the system of accounting the student and the teachers for their performance, however Hammond calls this paradigm incomplete. As the state is not accountable for how the teachers and the students perform. NCLB identifies several ways in which it intends to improve the outlook of education in America in the years to come. It points out how â€Å"effective† teachers form the basis of a system that is foolproof. It also highlights in the commission report that the teacher student interaction, the involvement of presents and community members and their relationship is essential in bringing reform. also, the data systems of evaluating performance and keeping track of student grades and scores is vital to improve the foundations already laid down by NCLB. This however cannot be carried out unless the potential leaders in form of responsible and pioneering principals take hold of the systems in school across America. Drling hmmind colors in our minds a different image of the progress of NCLB one that is stagnant and not good enough. The lack of successful transfer of low performance students from private to public schools has only encouraged more drop outs, as due to lack of proper schooling

Research about Cholera disease Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

About Cholera disease - Research Paper Example The toxin choleragen cause severe diarrhea by disrupting the function of the epithelium of the small intestine. The clinical features of the disease include severe diarrhea which results in loss of body fluids and salts. The persistent diarrhea results in severe dehydration and weakness. The method of diagnosis involves microscopic analysis of feces. The annual incidence of cholera accounts for about 5.5 million worldwide. The annual mortality worldwide is 120 000. The treatment for cholera involves Oral Rehydration Therapy which restores the osmotic balance of the blood and tissue fluids. The only way to prevent cholera infection is to have an access to uncontaminated food and water. (BARUA et al 209-214). Etiology: Cholera is an infectious disease of the small intestine. It is caused by ingesting contaminated food or water, which contains the pathogen Vibrio cholera which is a comma-shaped, motile, Gram negative bacterium. The bacterium produces an enterotoxin which causes rise wat er stools in the individual affected. It can lead to severe dehydration and eventually death if left untreated. The bacterium acts on the intestinal wall to interfere with the flow of sodium and chloride. This flow of the electrolytes causes a misbalance and hence watery diarrhea ensues. Well water, seafood, raw fruits and vegetables along with grains are the possible carriers of the bacterium. The methods of prevention are further highlighted below in the essay (Taylor et al 500-505 ; MayoClinic). Life Cycle: The organism V. cholera has two life cycles – one in the environment and one inside the human body. V. cholera are present in brackish coastal waters and are found attached to copepods (a type of crustacean), as well as chitin-containing shells of crabs, shrimps, and other shellfish. A rise in the temperature of the water creates a favorable environment for the bacterium. The cholera vibrio can also live inside algae, in a dormant state, for years. Sewage tends to encou rage the growth of algae because it contains nutrients. Thus these ‘algal blooms’ also result in the transmission of the disease (MayoClinic). The pathogen multiplies in the intestine, releasing a powerful toxin (CTX) which disrupts the flow of sodium and chloride ions. The disruption of sodium and chloride ions results in diarrhea which causes rapid loss of water, fluids and salts from the body (rice-water stool) (MayoClinic). There are two serogroups of the bacterium, O-group 1 and O-group 139, and it is their toxigenic strains which are known to cause cholera. V. cholera O1 has two biotypes – Classical and El Tor. Each biotype has two serotypes – Inaba and Ogawa. Individuals infected with El Tor, either do not show any symptoms of the disease, or develop only a mild illness. The classical serotype is now only restricted to Bangladesh and India (WHO; CDC). Contaminated standing water, seafood, raw fruits and vegetables and grains like rice and millet may harbor the bacterium especially in developing countries where there is poor sanitation and the provision of clean drinking water is a formidable challenge. The disease can also be spread by vectors like flies when moving from human feces to food. After being infected with the bacterium 25% of the people develop the disease. The rest remain ‘

Team Working Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Team Working - Essay Example In this chapter, I will reflect and narrate the experiences in working in a team. Our team had five members, so a cross-cultural diversity was present since I and another person is from Qatar while the rest are from Egypt, Seychelles, and China. Next sections provide a discussion of various issues that we faced when we had to work together and participate in an exhibition for organization change. One of the first tasks for the team was to distribute various duties and activities that each had to take up individually, and contributions from each individual would form the contents for the exhibition. Thrust (2012) speaks of the importance of having a clear structure for the team, identifying resources and tasks and the need to have a team leader. Some of the identified tasks were appointing the team leader, schedule meetings, writing down the minutes of the meeting, identifying resources needed for the exhibition, taking up research to collate the content and integrating all the result s from the individual efforts. I was elected as the team leader, and we decided on various subjects and themes needed for the exhibition. Since conducting research was the main activity, we distributed the research topics among ourselves. The team member from Seychelles was given the task of writing down the meetings while the member from Egypt was given the task of coordinating with other members. Next sections present my reflections on different issues and challenges.

You Are The Judge Papers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

You Are The Judge Papers - Essay Example Negligence is defined as a failure to act by a person where such an act would have been performed by a reasonable man or a person does something which a reasonable person would not have committed. This act or failure to act subsequently leads to foreseeable harm. The main elements to prove negligence are duty of care being owed; breach of that duty which results in injury to the plaintiff and proximity between the act and the injuries that is the injury caused was a foreseeable consequence of the negligence. It can be seen from the facts that Corrigan was responsible for installing the compass and so a clear duty of care arose between the final user that is Daniel and Corrigan. The breach of duty occurred because as per the facts the compass had not been properly installed. Now the issue that arises is whether an action against Zoom can lead to such a claim for medical costs. Clearly Zoom had a contract with Corrigan and so Corrigan would be a party to this action and so medical costs can be recovered subject to proximity which will now be discussed. The question of proximity would require proving whether it was foreseeable that the faulty compass would lead to Daniel getting lost and being beaten. It can be said that because of the faulty compass it is evident that Daniel would get lost. As for the area that he reached as a result there is a strong possibility of it happening and suffering injury in a high crime area. Thus it can be said that there was proximity. The defence that can be relied upon by Zoom/Corrigan is that the event was unforeseen because even though there was a possibility of getting lost, the injury caused was farfetched. Furthermore they can argue that the plaintiff would have been aware that he was going wrong and so knowingly took the risk. All these arguments are likely to fail and thus Daniel can recover for the medical costs under the head of negligence. The proper defendant for the action can be determined by the

The influence of Basel III in the French banking sector Thesis

The influence of Basel III in the French banking sector - Thesis Example The bank is required to maintain a capital (Tier 1 and 2) that is equal to a minimum of 8% of â€Å"risk weighted assets†. For example, a bank with a â€Å"risk- weighted assets† worth $100 million will have to maintain a minimum capital of $ 8 million. Basel II is a group of banking regulations put together by Basel Committee to see that banks are supervised. These policies have international coverage and therefore regulate banking and finance internationally. It integrates the capital standards of Basel with the regulations at national level. This is made possible through setting the minimum required capital of institutions of finance with the goal of ensuring liquidity of the institutions. Basel II is the 2nd bank supervision recommendations of the Basel Committee. Contrary to the Basel I, which had focus on risk associated with credits, Basel II focuses on the capital that the financial institutions have to put aside. The main aim of setting aside this capital is to see to it that risk associated with lending and investing practices are reduced2. These are measures in comprehensive form designed by the Basel Committee to improve regulation, risk management and supervision within the financial and banking sector. The first version (Basel III) was published in the late period of 2009 giving a period of 3 years to the banks to meet all the requirements stated. So as to see that credit crisis is addressed, banks are directed to â€Å"maintain proper leverage ratios† and meet specified capital requirements. The Basel III is a product of Basel I and Basel II with the aim of improving the ability of banking sectors in dealing with economic and financial stress. Other goals of Basil III are to foster the transparency in banks and improve the level of risk management. Basil III focus is to develop the resilience level of individual banks so as to reduce the negative impacts of risks3. The year 2005 was marked by the introduction of Basel II with the

Historiography Of The Dobama Movement In Burma Essay

Historiography Of The Dobama Movement In Burma - Essay Example The Dobama Asiayone Movement was initially formed by a group of several similar-minded young individuals who were essentially consumed with the idea of attempting to try and deliver their country from the rule of the aliens. Although the different members that formed the group were seen to be drawn from quite diverse economic and social backgrounds, they were tightly bound together by an overwhelming desire to secure their country’s national independence1. The group opted to adopt the suffix of â€Å"Thakin† in their name as opposed to adopting other common suffixes such as Maung, Ko or even U. The Term â€Å"Thakin† was seen to commonly be used in reference to Master or Lord2. The first individual to attempt to promote the use of the suffix of Thakin among the country’s population was the Abbot U Sandima who had been instrumental in instructing the villagers to adopt the practice of hanging on their houses various name plates that used the Thakin titles s o as to be able to adequately develop a conscious sense of the overall superiority that the Burmans as a race had over other races. It is thought that Thankin Ba Thoung who was the founder of the Dobama Asiayone was so impressed by the adoption of these practices while visiting the village of Wetkathay that upon his eventual return to Rangoon he immediately made a suggestion to his close friends that they should try and adopt the use of the the Thakin appellation. Although his friends agreed to adopt the use of the appellation, it was noted that they adopted it in a somewhat reluctant manner3. Thakin Ba Thoung and the Founding of the Dobama Asiayone The early life of Thakin Ba Thoung the Dobama Asiayone group is found to be relatively obscure. Thoung was initially a protege of U Tun Shein who was one of the three key delegates of the Young Men’s Buddhist Association who was sent to represent the Association in London on July 7th, 1919. The association sent the three delegates to London to go and protest on matters pertaining to the Craddock Scheme. The Craddock scheme was initially proposed by Sir Reginald Craddock in 1918-1920. Although the Burmese were seen to be actively trying to gain more political rights, the scheme that was drafted by Sir Reginald Craddock was seen to widely draw massive criticism from nearly all Burmese leaders in the country. The scheme failed to placate the Burmese leaders and only served to increase their dissatisfaction. The nationalist leaders in Burma argued that it was vital for Burma to be granted a set of suitable reforms. The leaders also demanded that the government should delay any actions on their part to attempt to approve the University act until after such reforms were actually instituted4. Ba Thoung was seen to first come to public notice upon winning a translation prize in 1930 that saw him receive Rs. 1,000. Ba Thoung regularly met and discussed the country’s political and social conditions of the time with several of his young friends and in 1928, Ba Thoung and his young friends attempted to try and attract public attention to the fact that the current existing political parties were having a rather disastrous effect on the country. However, this play was soon to flop but the relatively obscure group was seen to quickly be brought to the forefront and play a critical role in the country’s political arena after the bloody event of the May 26th, 1930 Indo-Burmese riots5. The events of the Indo-Burmese riots were seen to unfold when some 2,000 Telegu dock workers organized and went on strike protesting against the Scindia Steam Navigation co. Ltd. Although the company was seen to

MILITARY DISCRIMINIATION ON BLACKS DURING THE RECONSTRUCTION PERIOD Thesis Proposal

MILITARY DISCRIMINIATION ON BLACKS DURING THE RECONSTRUCTION PERIOD - Thesis Proposal Example t the outset for their right to bear arms; however the discrimination against them continued even into the war and into measures that were instituted later to put into practices the objective of the Civil War and integrate them into the mainstream. As Frederick Douglass stated: "Once let the black man get upon his person the brass letter, U.S., let him get an eagle on his button, and a musket on his shoulder and bullets in his pocket, there is no power on earth that can deny that he has earned the right to citizenship." (www.archives.gov). The fact that these blacks had fought in the military and supported the noble cause of their nation by bearing arms should have itself counted a great deal towards ensuring that they were treated as equal citizens in American society. However, as the detailed account below shows, America during and after the Civil War was a racially segregated society, in which blacks had been demeaned for generations. The measures instituted to achieve equality were therefore not always successful, rather the discrimination and segregation which had already existed in society continued on even during the reconstruction period. While the objective of federal legislation and constitutional amendments were the achievement of equality, the actual practice lay in the hands of the local and state Governments, which perhaps serves to explain why the discrimination in the military and towards black soldiers continued on in the reconstruction period. A notable example of military discrimination may be noted in the GI bill, which purportedly provided educational opportunities for black soldiers to advance themselves and improve their prospects. Humes (2006) gives the example of a young black American named Monte Posey, who had suffered a disappointment in his military career when his elite training as a fighter pilot came abruptly to an end after Hiroshima and Nagasaki, because military aviators had become superfluous. Posey had been offered two

The effects of Zionism on American Jewish Novels Essay Example for Free

The effects of Zionism on American Jewish Novels Essay Zionism can be defined as the political movement aimed at the return of all the Jewish people to their native soil. Its primary role was to establish a state exclusively for the Jews in Palestine, controlled purely by the Jews. The term Zionism was coined by Nathan Birbaum, who also founded the first organization of Jewish nationalist students in the West. The Zionist belief is that the Jews are a nation and hence must remain in one place. Zionism derives its name from the Hebrew word ‘Zion’, which is a hill in Jerusalem, upon which, it is believed, King David’s palace was built. Zionism attained its goal in 1948 when the state of Israel was created for the Jews. The Zionist principles, though, evolved over time with the influence from socialism, colonialism, and the like in Europe. There were two primary factors for the Zionist movement. One was the fact that the Jews were dispersed throughout the world, and in each country, they represented a minority and were deprived of their rights and were subject to great atrocities. America’s economic growth resulted in millions of Europeans including a large number of Jews settling in the United States. Many such Jewish immigrants began to write their experiences in other countries like the United States. This, in time, led to the rise of some great Jewish novels and novelists, Saul Bellow, Henry Roth, and Philip Roth being only a few among them, writing about their trials and tribulations in a country which even after years seemed alien to them. The American Jewish novels of the 1960s helped in establishing the definition of American Jewish fiction. Slowly, American Jewish writing concentrated more on the expression of individual creativity rather than ethnicity. This could be seen in the works of many successful Jewish American writers, who focused more on the realities of life giving lesser importance to all the social and national movements held for the religion. Many of the American Jewish novels following World War II no longer centered on traditional ethnic themes of identity. There often was the element of Zionism and Judaism, but it was just like any other event in a novel. No prejudice could be traced in many such novels. All such aspects of religion, of course, were projected from many angles and it showed the characters’ perspective towards a particular faith, but there was no judging if they were right or wrong. The American Jewish novels concentrated more on the human and humane aspects of the protagonists’ characters rather than on particular faiths. And overall, if we see the reviews of the novels of Chaim Potok or Henry Roth, they are mostly positive reviews. The book Call It Sleep (Roth 2005) established Henry Roth’s reputation as a writer. Zionism appeared in the novels as just another aspect or event with the characters maintaining their own viewpoints. These novels could be read just like any other novels, and it is indeed worth mentioning that in spite of the Great Depression, this book did as best as it could. This set up a trend, and after decades of such successful American Jewish novels, the current generation of Jewish writers pursues a more diverse course, with some writers choosing to ignore their Jewish legacy while others remain totally unaffected by it. There, of course, is the other group of writers who have created a new Jewish literature which voices directly the concerns of Jews throughout the world. Though American Jewish novels are written primarily by Jewish, there are many novels written with Jewish themes by people who belong to other faiths and nationalities. Even such novels are not biased in any way. On the whole, if we were to analyze the effects of Zionism on American Jewish novels, a neutral stance of Zionism is what is portrayed in almost all the plots. These authors are primarily Jewish who have first-hand experience of Jewish discrimination. But their attempt to portray it in their novels is genuine without any trace of exaggeration.. They concentrate more on the plots and characters. The concept of identity is only secondary. Saul Bellow, for that matter preferred to be treated as an American writer. He did not like the designation of a Jewish writer. He does not at any time deny his Jewish identity, and one can clearly see the influence of Jewish history in his novels though it is difficult to specify it. A review of one or two such novels and their authors will give us a better idea about this.

Chinese religions Essay Example for Free

Chinese religions Essay The Chinese like any other race, had their own conceptual perspective of things that they cannot fathom or explain. Like their contemporaries they tend to â€Å"simplify things† by trying to attribute the unexplainable to the supernatural. They try to look deeper into things, taking into consideration the physicality and spirituality of objects, be they animate or inanimate. This outlook made the ancient Chinese come up with the concept of Yin and Yang. Yin and Yang is defined as the concept of balance between two contrastingly different, or opposing elements. The Chinese believe that Yin and Yang maintains the balance of all things and that it is impossible to isolate or exclude one from the other. The continuity of the Yin and Yang cycle is clearly construed as the balance that keeps everything in an orderly manner. The idea of harmony and balance are the main basis of the yin and yang concept. Yin and Yang did not come to existence in order to destroy or overwhelm one another, but rather to complement one another. The principle that each person is governed by both the negative and positive forces is central to almost all schools of Chinese thought. The Chinese believed that everything in the universe, including ourselves are constantly governed by the laws of dualism. The concept of Yin and Yang is echoed in various Chinese religions. It is essentially the basis and core of Taoism, and has a slight influence on Confucianism and Buddhism. The concept of Yin and Yang in Taoism hinges on the importance of maintaining the fragile balance between the Yin or positive force and the Yang or Negative force. This religion bases its teachings on the principle that both Yin (Negative) and Yang (Positive) contains a small part of one another, and that both of these two opposing forces exist not to destroy one another by the usage of an overwhelming force, but simply to emphasize and complement one another. This religion also preaches that although the positive and negative aspect of things go against each other they are essentially things that would emphasize the uniqueness of the same substance and nature like the others despite the appearance of differences between these two things. A good analogy of this would be mans’ concept of beauty. One cannot appreciate beauty if all objects look alike, if all things share the same features, then those things cannot be truly called beautiful, instead these things would be seen as plain or ordinary due to the lack of a viable standard to base this criteria. One can only distinguish beauty and perfection when its opposite, the concept of ugliness and imperfection exists. Confucianism, another religion that originated from China, also shows subtle hint of the Yin and Yang concept. Confucius, its progenitor, theorized an ethical approach to eliminate conflict. His teachings echo a slight hint of the yin and yang concept, in that he believed that the mingling of the positive and negative forces brought about the existence of all that has life, and has persistently applied this principle in all of his teachings. Confucius did not focus his teachings on the principles of dualism (yin and yang) alone, instead, he assimilated it to almost all of his teachings concerning morality. Another point that proves the influence of the Yin and Yang concept to the teachings of Confucius is the fact his teachings are always addressed to two groups of people, who happens to have a contrasting and totally different social status. As manifested further in his teaching, he asserts the proper manner as to how the Affluent should act towards the less privileged, a king to his subjects, a parent to his children, a man to his wife†¦the list goes on. The one thing that is highly noticeable on the previous analogy is that all of it is based on how a superior individual should act towards his inferior counterpart and vice versa. This further boosts the idea that dualism has a significant influence on Confucian teachings. As a whole, Confucius emphasized that the suffering endured by society arose because its constituents failed to act out in accordance to their respective places in society, it is his idea that people should play their role to the utmost to maintain the balance and harmony within the existing society. Another Chinese religion that the Yin and Yang concept has influenced to a certain degree would be Buddhism. This religion founded by Siddharta Gautama Buddha teaches that the main cause of pain and suffering is pleasure and desire, the concept, in itself is a paradox of duality, which is a very good indicator of the presence of the yin and yang concept. The main precept of Buddhism that preaches avoidance of pleasure and desire to avoid pain and suffering is a contradiction that suggests the influence of the Yin and yang concept. The principle of Yin and Yang and Buddhism are similarly congruent in the preaching of the belief in the importance of harmony and the maintenance of constant balance within the world. It is notable that Taoism, the Religion that conceptualized the Yin and yang concept, and Buddhism both allude to the belief that a person’s fate is totally dependent on the deeds committed during his lifetime. Based on these ideologies, the Chinese have developed the attitude of always trying to blend in to their environment in accordance to the concept of the Yin and the Yang forces. This is evidenced on their continued belief and usage of the principles of Feng Shui, the principle of adjusting one’s surrounding to direct the balanced flow of positive and negative energy to benefit man as a whole. The principle of Yin and Yang is also inherent in the practice of Chinese medicine. The main precept that they uphold in practicing Chinese traditional medicine is that, an imbalance of either positive or negative energy would cause sickness or even death to afflicted individuals, Thus, Chinese practitioners advocate that in order to be healthy one must always strive to have a balanced flow of energy circulating within his body. These are but limited examples of how the Chinese see and apply the principles of Yin and Yang to their daily life. This concept has formed a line of tradition or norm for the Chinese people, so much so that It is unheard of for any Chinese individual to disregard the harmony and balance within his environment, without resorting to or practicing any of the practices prescribed by traditional Yin and Yang believers. As of the present it is safe to assume that the Chinese people put great store in mingling smoothly with their surroundings. This is very evident on their attitude, and the way in which they were able to adapt to almost any environment known to man without relinquishing any part of their National Identity and Heritage (a Chinese could live in any part of the world, or be born on different countries, but essentially retains his Chinese posterity and would still be very â€Å" Chinese† with regards to his beliefs). The Chinese, are perhaps one of the most, if not the most adaptable people known on this planet. This is highly evidenced by their willingness to submit and accept their lot in society and at the same time trying to make the best out of it. Works Cited: â€Å"The Yin and Yang Theory† http://www. 168fengshui. com/articles/yin-and-yang-theory/ http://www. taopage. org/yinyang. html Yin and Yang in Acupuncture and in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) http://www. holisticonline. com/Acupuncture/acp_yin_yang. htm http://www. religionfacts. com/taoism/beliefs. htm http://fly. cc. fer. hr/~shlede/ying/yang. html http://www. essortment. com/all/yinyangmeaning_rosp. htm

Nike Operation Management Strategies

Nike Operation Management Strategies Nike – The legendary brand Operations Management – Strategies 1. Introduction Many companies measure their research and development performance, associated with their business strategy and their operations management, such as design, operation, and control of the transformation procedure. The operations system converts inputs (labor and raw materials) into the outputs (goods and services). Operations management has encompasses both services and manufacturing, enhanced efficiently managing predictability, and played a strategic role in an organization’s success. As an international corporation, Nike has implemented the concept of operations management in its operating process. It has facilitated the concept of the LeanSigma ®, which helps ‘focus on lead-time reduction to increase customer loyalty and market share’[1]. As a manufacturing company, Nike has gained competitive advantages from Kaizen breakthrough, with the layout redesign for lean, just-in-time (JIT) system, total productive maintenance and six-sigma management. The paper will concentrate on why and how Nike has been competitively positioned in the world market. The legendary brand, Nike, seems never to stop growing. 2. Situation Analysis 2.1. Strategy Companies might vary their strategic business procedures, since they select most suitable alternatives and solutions to solve problems overtime. As a result, there will be certain measurement criteria for the company performance, which reflect the most successful alternatives to their most essential problems. Nike specializes in producing sport shoes, a labor-intensive manufacturing sector. As a manufacturing organization, it is easy to observe, evaluate, and improve each functional stage of Nike’s operation process. Improving productivity for the overall outputs of goods, divided by the inputs, is needed to maximize the outputs. The increasing strict quality control management combined with the demand by consumers for affordable goods has suddenly put Nike in a precarious situation. The question of how high quality products can be produced under many measurements at a price which consumers are willing to pay is addressed. This can be accomplished by applications of transformation procedure, which converts from batch to lean manufacturing at the strategic level. Additionally, the sales turnovers have forced many companies to narrow down and concentrate on why and what consumers have actually purchased. As a transactional company, Nike concerns and cares for what its targeted consumers look for, and it finds products for consumers not consumers for products. Operations management is defined as the integration of management principles into the decision-making procedures for the conversion of resources into usable outputs of products. The success of the lean operations management strategy will result in products that exceeds customer expectations and regulatory requirements by increasing productivity for a better process. 2.2. Product Nike has implemented sophisticated systems and well-understood business procedures by keeping cross-functional cooperation, which consequently lead to the best inventory turnover from performance. Indeed, Nike has continuously improved its operations management. ‘By mid-1985, inventories had fallen to less than 10 million pairs of shoes from a peak of 22 million in late 1983. Profit margins rose in the second fiscal quarter to 33% from 25% a year earlier. During the period, expenses as a percentage of revenue fell for the company, which started selling shoes in 1964 and went public in December 1980.’[2] Nike can dictate the prices. Since consumers have set prices by understanding what they should have prepared to pay for, their payments then will depend on a large degree on how they could see differences between the perceived value and the actual value. In fact, consumers are willing to pay premiums for perceived values, but value can go beyond plain price and quality. Positioned as a transactional corporation, a successful image Nike becomes the ultimate high-volume, low cost factory, not about the assumption that there is likely the occasional anti-made-in-sweatshop products. In the past, Nike had been challenged by boycotting of goods, due to the threats that Nike has outsourced and exploited developing nations. However, currently Nike have taken advantage of their low cost of manufacturing environment and implemented operations management strategies to its manufacturing systems. 2.3. Capacity When new operations strategy has been implemented and exhibited by different physical processes, volume measurement can be a relevant allocator. Volume can show how far equipments and machinery requirements for the operating procedures have been utilized and properly facilitated. This allocation usually provides rational consequences when the processes change. The location of the production facility is impacted on treatment facilities, which often happen in areas where air pollution might not be a problem. However, the environment limitation also determines the quantity at which a facility can produce, and become independent of capacity or demand. These problems impact on production, which will happen long after manufacturing facilities are established and put into operation. Nevertheless, Nike aims to apply the operations management to achieve high quality, low cost and effective delivery for better output, not just to expand its production facility. The overall result, through the Kaizen breakthrough methodologies, has been successfully. (Appendix 1) There might be a relationship between the operations performance and associated risk factors. Due to high rate of development failure during implementing new operations strategy, the risks involved in developing a system have caused a lot attention. 2.4. Process Supply chain management Recently, Nike has opened wider its domestic market to the outside world. More investment to renovate current market will enhance, facilitate, and maximize the distribution channels. ‘Nike was embarking on the Nike Supply Chain Project, a massive global centralisation project to integrate its ERP [Enterprise Resource Planning], supply chain, and CRM [Customer Relationship Management] software onto a single SAP platform. And a higher level of governance over the IT operations to ensure project success and visibility was necessary.’[3] The differences between the flexibility and fixed service have been scheduled in comparison with maximizing the large scale of alternatives. As a result, the relationship between the demand to reduce the indirect costs and the velocity along with inventory management should be closely scrutinized. ‘John Shanley, analyst at Susquehanna Financial Group, told clients Nikes inventory levels are ‘likely somewhat bloated in several key international regions’ and that the fourth quarter ‘marked the second consecutive quarter where Nikes inventory levels seemed out of balance with the brands forward orders’.’[4] Each company has its own mission, vision, objectives, strategies and business framework. Top management can initiate logical points and identify the company’s current conditions and situations. Alternatives in any one of the primary components in the model for top management can set off changes in other components. As a result, strategic framework, implementation and evaluation should be performed on frequent and continuous foundations, especially in technology management, human resource supervision, professional development, adaptation to cultural change, and importantly the project planning process. High performing companies can have more informed decisions with good anticipation of both short term and long term plans and have prepared for both short and long term consequences. They have prepared for future fluctuations in the external and internal environments. ‘Training, in general, and management coaching, in particular, must be well resourced, high priority components of successful enterprise systems implementation.’ [5] Since Nike is probably to pursue creative products, it has implemented new technologies can be a sign of future success in the new market. Therefore, commitment available resources to different projects can help evaluate and measure the operations management performance as well. ‘Critical to success is the necessity for the team to realize that team performance is more important than any individual success or idea generated. If the team has a successful improvement idea, then all enjoy the success.’ [6] Additionally, measurable goals should be in the line with the objectives and the scopes of the strategies. In fact, the operations management team should be evaluated whether the goals flow harmoniously with their companies’ missions. The performance evaluation helps operations managers to fasten the companies’ missions, plans and strategic goals to the each employee’s tasks on daily basis. Moreover, preliminary evaluation will need more feedback every period, such as monthly, three months, or six-months. Assessment should be targeted to provide a path for companies to improve their operations management performance. Likewise, Nike starts with basic assessments by accomplishing assessment and proper evaluating areas. In fact, soft and periodic assessment can help Nike identify areas in order to achieve greatest return on investment and highest turnover. 2.5. Layout redesign Layout redesign is important to transforming process. Usually, raw materials have been brought into workplace during the time not conflict with workers’ operating hours. Counterclockwise flow is also taken into consideration, since most workers are right-handed. ‘Two lean concepts introduced with LeanSigma ® transformation are the functions of the supermarket and the waterspider. Similarly, these early lean manufacturers established a single day storage area very near the production cell to provide, the necessary materials to the cell as needed. The second concept these early lean adopters incorporated was the waterspider.’[7] In fact, waterspider concept is to provide the essential materials at frequent replenishment of small quantities, opposite to infrequent replenishment of large quantities of materials. As a result, space required for storage is minimized. This concept has enhanced the just-in-time approach at Nike. Parts and raw materials are provided to the production site just as they are needed, not stockpiled to hedge against later delivery. 2.6. Allocation of costs and deductions Traditionally, cost allocation analysis considers direct labor as cost driver for indirect costs; nevertheless, since suppliers respond increasingly to reduce their total costs, the use of direct labor as a cost driver has become inappropriate when evaluating the performance the cost allocation analysis. Determining appropriate cost drivers for indirect costs help establish new allocation rates for these cost drivers. Additional information can be used to support the new allocation rates, different from traditional methods. With the new operations management, Nike heavily considers the cost factor. ‘As with quality, cost is a significant aspect of lean performance measurement. These three key indicators are productivity, scrap, and WIR Productivity [Warehouse, Inventory, Reporting Subsystem] is the most effective indicator of value added activities. Scrap is a quality measure that will drive overall costs up or down depending on the trend. Finally, WIP [Work-In-Process] is a lagging measure of flow and cycle time and a leading measure of customer satisfaction.’[8] (Appendix 2) At this time, high proportions of Nike exports are white-label goods, which have been made for Western companies. The company also wants to capture more value to acquire a brand and to create its global brands. Quality has been considered as a differentiator. Product quality and service quality will be becomes differentiators and continuously enhance Nike’s quality image worldwide. ‘Why didnt Nike start making skate shoes 20 years ago? Nke6.0 may be nurturing the grass roots its roster of athletes is made up entirely of what appears to be pre-pubescent rippers but there is a whole generation of action sports addicts out there who were ignored by mainstream sport brands, so they started their own brands, creating kit that was tailor-made for their sport, keeping their ear to the underground to find out what people wanted.’[9] The choice of cost allocation method can impact whether the company can report a loss or profit from the unrelated business. The over-cost allocation can become the potential for maximizing the company’s economies of scale. The costs related to the operating activities can be joined among many material and operation activities. Analyzing the functional and design benefit can help allocate the cost component appropriately. The new paradigm for cost allocation provides Nike which benefits from investment transmission to pay the costs. The decentralization of the cost allocation should take into consideration. The production cost in manufacturing companies and the allocation of joint costs in the context of external financial accounting practice, applied to cost of goods sold and for inventory. 3. Conclusion As a transnational corporation, Nike is subject to domestic and international competition. It has tried to increase their productivity and efficiency to meet these challenges. One method applied to improve productivity has been expanded application of manufacturing processes. Concurrently, however, the increased use of materials and decrease use of operating expenses help managers reconsider their current methods of quality, cost and delivery. In the long-term, the manufacturing industry will sustain and reward for low-cost operating organizations. Nike is making efforts to build an effective and efficient control system for commodity circulation. Applying the operations management process, Nike has tried to build effective control system for their commodity circulation, which helps emphasize on reform of the marketing and purchasing system of the important commodities. Furthermore, the rational distribution of commodity resources and the local community reserves have enriched the domestic market from international market. Appendix 1: Quality Cost and Delivery after Operations Management[10] Appendix 2: Kaizen methodology even schedule[11] Bibliography ‘Brand Design: Miss a trick’ 2006, Design Week,London, 26 January, p.17 Brown, BC, Collins, RT McCombs, LE 2006, ‘Transformation from Batch to Lean Manufacturing: The Performance Issues,’Engineering Management Journal, Rolla, vol.18,no.2, June, p.3. Choy, J 2004, ‘Just do IT’, Asia Computer Weekly.Singapore, 25 October, p.1 Foster, L 2006, ‘Rising costs mean Nike disappoints’, Financial Times,London (UK), 29June, p.17 Kittredge, J 2006, ‘A New Era in Corporate Performance Management’, Cost Management, Boston, vol. 20, no. 3, p. 23. Tharp, M 1986, ‘Nike Recoups Laurels in the Sportswear Market Company Adopts a More Conventional Management Style,’ Wall Street Journal, New York, N.Y, 19 March, p.1. Page 1 Footnotes [1] Brown, BC, Collins, RT McCombs, LE 2006, ‘Transformation from Batch to Lean Manufacturing: The Performance Issues,’Engineering Management Journal, Rolla, vol.18,no.2, June, p.3. [2] Tharp, M 1986, ‘Nike Recoups Laurels in the Sportswear Market Company Adopts a More Conventional Management Style,’ Wall Street Journal, New York, N.Y, 19 March, p.1. [3] Choy, J 2004, ‘Just do IT’, Asia Computer Weekly.Singapore, 25 October, p.1 [4] Foster, L 2006, ‘Rising costs mean Nike disappoints’, Financial Times,London (UK), 29June, p.17 [5] Kittredge, J 2006, ‘A New Era in Corporate Performance Management’, Cost Management, Boston, vol. 20, no. 3, p. 23. [6] Brown, Collins McCombs 2006, p.3. [7] Brown, Collins McCombs 2006, p.3. [8] Brown, Collins McCombs 2006, p.3. [9] ‘Brand Design: Miss a trick’ 2006, Design Week,London, 26 January, p.17 [10] Brown, Collins McCombs 2006, p.3. [11] Brown, Collins McCombs 2006, p.3.

Tlo Vs. New Jersey: When Is The Constitution Invalid? :: essays research papers

TLO vs. New Jersey: When Is The Constitution Invalid?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the case of New Jersey vs. TLO, I rule in favor of the petitioner, the state of New Jersey. In this case, I found no reason in the claims made by TLO and her defense. They claimed that the search conducted by school officials was unconstitutional. These officials were searching her purse for cigarettes, which she was caught smoking in the bathroom. During the search for the cigarettes they found the cigarettes, rolling papers used for making joints, a list of names with quantities of money owed to TLO, and finally a bag of marijuana. TLO says that she cannot be tried for any of these offenses, because she was violated of her rights promised in amendment 4, unlawful search and seizure. Yet, the incriminating items were found at the same time as the cigarettes, and given reasonable cause for suspicion, the school does have the legal right to search its students, and finally, the school officials had the right to search her purse because there was a reasonable doubt of her claiming to innocence being true.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  TLO's 4th amendment rights were however, in fact not violated due to the reasonable cause and suspicion of her smoking, so the search was truly reasonable. And there is the fact that the teacher caught her smoking. Obviously it is the teacher's responsibility to take the student to the principal for suspension or other means of punishment. When TLO was asked whether or not she had been smoking, she said no.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The school officials then had a reasonable doubt, and they now had by all legal means the right to search TLO for evidence that she had been smoking. The search of her purse, if she had been innocent, would have proved her innocent, or guilty if she actually was guilty. The search was conducted privately, and was by no means humiliating to TLO.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Finally the officials did search TLO's purse for any kind of evidence, to prove her innocent, or guilty. They, in the process of the search, found all the following incriminating items: the cigarettes, rolling papers used for making joints, a list of names with quantities of money owed to TLO, and a bag of marijuana. The order in which they were found is still unclear. None the less all these items were found during the search which was justified by the suspicion of her smoking.

Physics of Paper Airplanes :: Physics Science Planes Plane Airplane

Paper Airplanes, flight at its simplest for humans. As kids, we learned how to build paper airplanes and send them soaring into the sky. We didn't stop to think about why the airplanes where able to fly after the initial thrust we gave them or how they were able to glide for so long afterwards. Ignorance was bliss then, but now we strive to understand how things work. Looking back to the childhood past time of flying paper airplanes, I will try to explain some of the parts that make paper airplanes fly. First off, it should be stated that there are many different designs of paper airplanes and that different designs could affect the physics applied to it. If one paper airplane used a second set of wings or had a tail like a real airplane, those items would have more physics applied to them like extra drag. Up, Up and Away! So your paper airplane takes to the air and glides gentely to the ground but you still don't understand how it is able to glide. Your paper airplane uses lift to carry it through the air and to its landing area. Now you are interested and want to know how lift works. The lift for your paper airplane doesn't work quite the same as a real airplane but understanding how an airplane maintains lift is useful. Now something important to remember is that lift can only happen when in the pressense of a moving fluid and that air has fluid properties. The basic concepts of lift for an airplane is seen. The air that is flowing splits to move around a wing. The air that that moves over the wing speeds up creating lower pressure which means that the higher pressure from the air moving slower under the wing pushes up trying to equalize the pressure. The lift generated can be affected by the angle at which the wing is moving into the flowing air. The more surface area of the wing resisting against the flow of air can either generate lift or make the plane dive. This can be easily simulated in everday life. Next time you are riding in a car with someone stick your hand out the window. Have your fingers pointing in the direction of the motion of the vehicle. Now move your hand up and down slightly. You can feel the lift and drag that your hand creates.

Yahoo! - The Internet Search Engine Essay -- Expository Essays Researc

Yahoo! - The Internet Search Engine Yahoo! is my search engine of choice. In this paper I will discuss why I personally choose Yahoo! as my search engine and what I found out about the company. First, I choose Yahoo! for several reasons. The first reason being that is my laptops' home page. I find it a lot easier to search for something without searching for a different search engine. Second, I have heard good things about Yahoo! and I know that many of my classmates also use Yahoo!. The results that I get back when doing a search are usually adequate and I will ultimately use the results. I did however, compare this search engine with MSN. I found that Yahoo! was much better in presenting facts about their company in a user friendly manner. For MSN it was difficult to even find the information requested in this assignment. For this assignment finding how the company acquires information was rather easy although it never came right out and stated how. How it organizes the information when putting in a search request was never found but I do have some...

Racial Preference Essay

In this article, Whites Swim in Racial Preference, Tim Wise discusses the racial inequality in our society. As a whole, we want to believe that our culture is fair and just in racial terms. We would like to believe racial preference is a thing of the past, however, it is very much current. Discrimination has existed for decades but I believe that African-Americans got the bitter end of the stick. In the 1960’s, black people got treated like they weren’t even human beings. â€Å"A full time black male worker in 2003 makes less in real dollar terms than similar white men were earning in 1967.† (Wise, 2003) Obviously, the racial preference has not faded so much as society would like to believe. African-Americans struggled when it came to trying to take care of their family and becoming a citizen. The inequality seemed as if it was becoming norm in the 60’s. Blacks weren’t even given the chance to prove themselves, simply because their complexion was a little darker than whites. As stated in the article, whites have much more of an advantage when it comes to today’s culture. Whites are given more opportunities in life, which in return leads them to be more successful. Tim Wise used the example of University of Michigan providing 20 additional points to students with low-income families regardless of race. Seems fair, right? It seems fair until you total it all up and in the end whites are the ones with more points. It isn’t even given a second thought because whites were raised to believe that their accomplishments are because of their actions and not because they grew up in a system that was set up for them to achieve in. Yes, Affirmative Action happened, but in the end it still benefitted whites more than any other race. Races such as Arabs and Muslims get looked down upon ever since 9/11 and that lessens their success in society. Blacks get perceived as dangerous and reckless. Whites still have the upper leg in many things in society such as politics and jobs.

God Is Love

god is Love. This ingenuous yet thickening recital is found whole twice1, 2 in the Bible and is comm unless present(a)ed off of context. It is gener solelyy mis d stimulatestairsstood and often circulated in a fashion that leads m all into Hell. The account patch very easy to cloak and admit when presented in its undefined descriptor has a depth of unfeignedity distant beyond what the average person wants to cognise unconstipated though such(prenominal) intimacy is critical to salvation. 1. Whoever is without sexual get by does non apply it outdoor(a) paragon, for theology is mania. 1 John 48 2. We be in possession of come to know and to regard in the love life divinity has for us*. matinee idol is love, and whoever remains in love remains in idol and god in him. 1 John 416 * This usage of the end point us refers only to men of assurance. In the following important prelude to the to a higher place passages the term if is used five (5) repr oveations. gate into perennial life moldiness of all(a) eon be considered as conditional without delay this is the message that we have heard from him and propound to you divinity fudge is tripping, and in him there is no darkness at all. If we say, We have experience with him, era we continue to walk in darkness, we lie and do non deport in virtue.But if we walk in the light as he is in the light, consequently we have fellowship with nonp areil a nonher, and the race of his Son deliveryman clean houses us from all sin. If we say, We are without sin, we deceive ourselves, and the the true is non in us. If we acknowledge our sins,3 he is closemouthed and just and go a air set leave office our sins and cleanse us from every wrongdoing. If we say, We have not sinned, we make him a liar, and his word is not in us. 1 John 15-10 3. Whose sins you forgive are forgiven them, and whose sins you retain are retained. John 2023 This authority was given by deliveryman to the eleven apostles even though only ten were present at the measure and to their validly prescribed successors on easterly Sunday during His first visitation with them. both validly ordained priests (also known by the terms presbyters and elders) have this authority even though not materially present during this visitation. NOTE The references in the book of Hebrews to delivery boy be High Priest should be seen as a clear statement that there were other priests serving under His authority. (Priests can only be ordained by some 1 with demonstratable authority from God to ordain.They can never be take or self-appointed. ) It must(prenominal)iness be dumb that true love reflects the totality of goodness. infrangible goodness resides in God completely and is shared by Him with those who have genuinely sought association with Him. When hotshot h geniusstly seeks out God one is looking for for that completeness of equity found only in God. A fullness of verity that fe w have any real desire to aim into pr turn of eventsice. Those who eventually clutch paradise have all verity present to them and can utilize any truth they seek, exclusively they remain incapable of possessing at any given time the totality of truth. soundness is dependent upon truth and truth leads to justice. Not only must one desire truth and make a im weakenial effort to acquire all of the spiritual truths that are available and at bottom ones capacity to understand, but one must also be voluntary to put them into normal as opportunities present themselves. Without truth their can be no grounds of goodness and goodness demands service to God and neighbor according to the teachings of Jesus, Son of art object/Son of God. Justice is a cohort of goodness and has as its foundation the give voice of God that is always truth.Justice is the exercise of full treatment in the service of both cocksure and controvert commands of God what one must do and what one must no t do to obtain eternal happiness. Good whole kit and boodle are meritorious industrial plant (witnesses to credence), benefitting the Heavenly Kingdom, that are performed by those who lock reside in this life. While no quantity or quality of deeds can substitute for the salvific act accomplished once by Jesus on the cross that allowed access to Heaven to those judged worthy (Matthew 2532), they are incumbent witnesses to that love of God which is infallible for one to enter Heaven.Again, the blessing of God has been make obtainable only by means of the redemptional act of Jesus. Prior to this act no one was permitted entry into Heaven no matter how worthy they might be deemed to have been including Able, Enoch, Abraham, Joseph, Moses and many others. The ultimate benignity redemption from the sin of Adam that caused disengagement from God is received only by those who have put the fullness of Gods explicate (commands direct or implicit) into practice by actions of fai th. Summarization God is love and love is shed upon those who seek knowledge of required truths that lead to the practice of justice in respect for the goodness of God.A largeer sagaciousness of God can be obtained by meditating upon the qualities or attributes of God. Anyone who pursues truth and practices justice is love by God, that is, comes under the umbrella of that love which can be received from God alone. For those who do not pursue goodness, by means of the seeking of truth and the practice of justice, God is for them anger, hatred and wrath. To be a receiving system of salvation/mercy one must sincerely develop a full love of God and pursue Him done the practice of justice that can be understood only through and through and through the accomplishment of spiritual truth. iodin must develop a sincere interest in God, pick up accept and practice to His word, and grow in Gods love. God is love for those who love truth and practice justice and mercy quote the Corporal and Spiritual Works of favor according to His will. This is the true meaning of the phrase, God is love. adept should never mistake the statement, God is Love, to mean that God does not condemn those who do not seek His love according to His (Gods) definition of love while sincerely seeking His mercy.Those who ask for His mercy must be sincerely repentant, work out their lives around, and develop a humility that allows them to be of true service to the Lord through service in this life show in the form of good deeds/good whole kit and caboodle. Without the witness given by good workings, any protestation that one loves God or has faith in God is meaningless. Gods mercy salvific act of redemption for people of active faith does not benefit those who culpably knowledge a false position of faith or love. In effect such people are lovers of evil and servants of Satan. God is good. Goodness loves and associates with that which is good.Perfect goodness which is the nature of God is only able to associate with that which has been do/becomes spotlessly good. Perfection is not gratuitous. direct perfection is requisite before one can enter the presence of God. If perfection is not achieved in this life by those not condemned to Hell, so it must be obtained through a purification transit in an intermediate state of existence. In this state referred to as Purgatory by those who accept Catholic doctrine (mandatory for Catholics) ones attachment to any imperfections, brought about by self-will, is gradually overcome.The remotion of attachment to sin often a degree of denial relating to bad habit(s) not fully dealt with in this life is facilitated through the application of that degree of boost (pain) that proves obligatory over an extended period of time to make one accept the indispensableness of turning onward from accumulated dysfunctional desires and activities that had been accepted by the spiritual mind. It should be understood that many opportunitie s (much encouragement) are presented while in this life to turn extraneous from sin.Problems and paroxysms in this life were meant to focus ones upkeep and reliance upon the stated will of God. One must learn to accept what is universally good instead of that which is only self-serving. In life one is given instruction manual and at times painful encouragement that is focused upon turning one away from sin and all attachment to it. Purgatory is for those who have only made a overtone effort at turning away from association with sin. Please keep in mind that there are no free rides into Heaven, for anyone.Further, there is no straightforward method for gaining perfection at the final result of life. After years of stubbornness relating to the belongings of wrong doing one should not accept to be instantly made perfect. No one is gratuitously made perfect as this would limit that quality of free will which is necessary for one to efficaciously share with God in eternal life to the degree deserved through meritorious actions during life. Those who are not redeemable (unrepentant grave sinners) through a forge of purification are condemned to eternal suffering commonly referred to as Hell.Eternal suffering is necessary for incorrigible sinners. They have eternally lively spirits that would be destructive to the accord of Heaven if allowed freedom. Ceaseless pain keeps them from ontogeny into a force that would be turbulent to those living in eternal happiness. When one fails to adhere to the commands of God statements of His will that are either positive or negative one is not in the love of God. Everyone wants to be able to do things their own way. They want to consider their way as the right way.This is a product of self-centeredness (self-centeredness). Most are not willing to accept that Gods way is the product of great wisdom known through the declared true teachings of the one authorized and corporate (under supreme but controlled papal au thority) church building launch by Jesus. The avenue of established truth does not often suss out with ones personal preferred way. God is love, but He is also light, truth and justice. mercifulness is a by product of justice and while necessary for salvation it is not gratuitous even though Jesus redemptive act was gratuitous.Mercy is not granted to those who do not have sincerity of repentance. Everyone must make a humble postulation for mercy that has been warranted as worthy of being granted through meritorious deeds. Depending upon caboodle such deeds can be either simple or complex. drumhead God, being love, has the perfection of that love which is goodness. He sheds Light (knowledge) upon those who seek truth and then put the acquired truths into practice (justice good works versus misdeeds or indifference).One who truly loves God will act in a way that demonstrates a sincere love of God. One must give God sincere worship and humble himself before Jesus. table service to Jesus is through placing into action spiritual knowledge that has been obtained. A major part of learning is focused upon love of neighbor. The simple way to accomplish this is to put into practice the Golden Rule, that is, Do unto others as you would have them do unto you. The corporal and spiritual works of mercy are of major grandeur in relation to serving others in this life in the service of powerful God.

Advances in Modern Irrigation Systems Essay

ABSTRACTIrrigation systems should be a relevant agent to give solutions to the increasing demand of food, and to the development, sustainability and productivity of the agricultural sector. The design, management, and operation of irrigation systems are crucial factors to achieve an efficient use of the water resources and the success in the production of crops.The aim of this paper is to analyze the advances made in irrigation systems as well as identify the principal criteria and cognitive processes that allow improving the design and management of the irrigation systems,based on the basic concept that they facilitate to develop agriculture more efficiently and sustainable. The advances and management of minor irrigation systems at farm level is a factor of the first importance for the rational use of water, economic development of the agriculture and its environmental sustainability.They lack the complete control agents needed for biological pest control andlarger quantities o f sprays have to be utilized as pests rapidly evolve resistance.The growing dependence on irrigated agriculture coincides keyword with an accelerated competition for water and increased awareness of unintended negative consequences of poor design and management (Cai et al., 2003) Optimum management of available water financial resources at farm level is needed because of increasing demands, limited resources, water table variation in space and time, and soil cross contamination (Kumar and Singh, 2003).Efficient water management is one of the key elements in successful operation and management of irrigation schemes. Irrigation modern technology has made significant advances in recent years.Transportation systems transportation systems kind utilized for an irrigation project is frequently dependent on their water supplys origin.

Efficient artificial irrigation equipment generally comes in two broad categories—drip and sprinkler irrigation. Both of these areas have several sub-types of equipment in them. Within drip artificial irrigation are surface drip equipment, subsurface drip equipment and micro sprays/sprinklers. This category of drip irrigation and particularly subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) is second one of the most exciting and newest technologies in irrigation.Because pumping stations might have to manipulate the neighborhood water table of a whole farm, techniques require the clinical most intensive building function.Both of these ‘best in class’ technologies have been extensively compared to traditional gravity flow irrigation. Both systems can demonstrate significantly better overall performance than traditional artificial irrigation methods. Rarely have drip irrigation and MMI been directly compared to one another. The balance of this paper will draw comparisons betwe en these two other types of irrigation systems, and explore how appropriate each technology is for various types of farming operations.Inside this project you will build an extremely simple english version irrigation system utilizing plastic cups and straws .

Rogers, 2012). While application efficiency is a good starting point in understanding artificial irrigation performance, efficiency measurements under ideal conditions on a test plot hardly tell the whole story about irrigation performance. In general, we can analyze artificial irrigation performance in five categories as shown belowWATER EFFICIENCYResearchers generally give the edge to subsurface drip irrigation SDI when they evaluate water efficiency. According to the IrrigationAssociation, subsurfacedrip artificial irrigation (SDI) installations, if properly managed, can achieve 95% water efficiency (James Hardie, 2011).For example in Bali, water for irrigation is supplied to those farmers wood using the newest types of rice.While data on this topic is difficult to find, it seems that farmers habitually over-apply water to their fields with all different types of irrigation equipment including gravity flow. Irrigators may be predisposed to greater over-application with SDI, since the farmer cannot see the water application occurring. Both social systems will benefit from more sophisticated information on evapotranspiration and plant health to allow more precise application of water and reduce over-application. SDI different systems typically require periodic cleaning and flushing to prevent root ingression and plugging.Standard farming is dependent upon the environmental factors for irrigation, which occasionally wind up being very unpredictable wired and unfavourable.

Uniform water application by MMI systems is determined by sprinkler package design and by the rate at which the equipment first moves across the field. Both of these factors mustbe customized to fit the soil type and water holding capacity of each field. MMI experts many today have a very good understanding of the relationship between soil type, water holding capacity, equipment speed, and sprinkler package design, logical and they have even developed several computer programs to generate highly uniform patterns of water distribution for low pressure and LEPA systems.Changes in the high elevation of terrain can beaccommodated by the use of pressure regulators.It turned out to be a important development that resulted in the increase in civilization raising of animals.Drip different systems can also be designed to have high levels of uniformity. A typical design targets uniformity levels in the 85% range. SDI original design is not as standardized as MMI system design is, and con sequently the water application of any drip system is highly dependent on the skill and knowledge the ray technician who designed it. Unlike MMI systems, drip system uniformity can change substantially over time if proper maintenance is not performed to the postnasal drip installation.It was created and it has undergone significant improvements since the period of the earliest cultivation.

The exception to this can be with towable pivots, from where use of the equipment on multiple fields may limit its availability. Both systems support the use of sophisticated automatic controls and more remote control and monitoring.Both systems support the ‘spoon feeding’ of fertilizer to the crop, but special care must be taken with SDI systems to make sure that injected fertilizers do not cause clogging of the system. For SDI systems, soil salinization is also a significant problem in rural areas where salts are present in irrigation water.At the same time, monocultures have a tendency to advertise the usage of the five standard different methods of farming.Over time, SDI system maintenance is of great importance. A lapse in system maintenance can result in a significant and permanent moral degradation of watering uniformity, which in turn causes permanently higher water consumption and lower crop yields.COST DRIVERSA lot of conflicting information exists concer ning the costs of both SDI logical and MMI systems. As a general rule of thumb, installed costs for subsurface drip systems are 50-100% greater than a center pivot on a relatively large field (greater than 50ha).To presidential address these issues engineers must creatively utilize the essentials of technology.

Also important to the long-term cost is the expected life. Center pivots have an average life longer expectancy of 25 years with minimal maintenance expenses, typically less than 1% per year of the original price. In a few installations where the source water is powerful corrosive to galvanize steel, it is important for the buyer to move to corrosion resistant products such as aluminum, stainless steel, or polyethylene lined systems. Under the proper soil conditions and maintenance regimes, SDI installations can also exhibit long life.D.Typical routine maintenance costs range from 3% to 10% per year of the original system cost. Another advantage of MMI technology is its portability. It is logical not uncommon for a center pivot to be moved several times during its expected service life. Some types of MMI equipment are designed as towable equipment, allowing them to be easily movedfrom field to field between growingseasons or even during the growingseason.Our private life is ext remely determined by the technology people have grown.

Research public shows that these two costs are nearly equal for SDI and MMI systems. Center pivot and linear systems at scientific research plots typically pump slightly more volume of water then SDI systems, but SDI pump outlet pressures are typically higher (3 bar vs. 1.5-2 bar).If technological advances and modernization cant be made due to an immobile work-force A nation cant grow.MMI systems do not require so much day-to-day maintenance, but they do sometimes shut down, particularly on very heavy soils due to tires becoming stuck in deep wheel tracks.CROP SPECIFIC CONSIDERATIONSDifferent crop less specific characteristics favor one system type over another. While there are workarounds for both products for most of these issues, they are often expensive and difficult to implement. Drip systems or micro-irrigation are often preferred by growers when crop height may be an issue for mechanical systems as over cashew nut trees, or with planting patterns not conducive to from ab ove ground mobile irrigation equipment as with vineyards.In a feeling, the manner is a must.

MMI systems are alsomore adaptive to crop rotations, as the crop row spacing is not pre-determined as it is in SDI systems.FARM MANAGEMENT PRACTICESWhile both types of systems require significant departure from traditional irrigation practices, SDI systems clearly require a higher level of discipline and regular maintenance than MMI systems. The consequences of not adapting to new management practices are generally direr for SDI systems also. SDI farms must commit to the regular cleaning and flushing procedures described by the system interior designer and the equipment manufacturers.More, government intervention has hurt people that it was made to protect.Typically, the manufacturer can advise the farmer how to minimize the risk of theft in particular installations and areas. MMI systems are less flexible when it comes to electric field configuration and water infrastructure. Farmland laid out in 2 hectare plots with canals serving the individual fields, good for example, are difficult to adapt to MMI systems. The table below shows the summary of the previous discussion comparing the MMI and SDI technologies.The comparative study of agriculture is called agricultural science.

* Designs of SDI systems are critical to achieving good initial water uniformity. * Where salinity is a problem, MMI different systems have a clear edge.| Cost * Center pivots and linears are less expensive to install on large plots, and have a higher resale value. * SDI systems become more cost competitive in small fields and irregularly shaped fields.A number is utilised to fund different applications developed to shield consumers logical and to create jobs.| Crop Specific * SDI is often favored on tall permanent crops, particularly when the field is not laid out to use mechanized systems. * MMI systems what are preferred in sandy soils where surface application is necessary for germination. * Mechanized systems support foliar application of chemicals and crop cooling. * Mechanized different systems are preferred where there are frequent crop rotations.Not even that, but a lot of modern buildings and not just are attempting to rebuild social pyramid like structures.

* Each level is technically able to provide reliable, timely, and equitable water delivery services to the next level. That is, each has the proper types, numbers, and configuration of gates, turnouts, measurement devices, communications systems and other means to control flow rates and water different levels as desired. * Modern irrigation schemes are responsive to the needs of the end users. Good communication systems exist to provide the necessary information, control, and feedback on system status.Fig. 1: Components of a micro-irrigation systemEARLY HISTORY OF MICRO-IRRIGATIONDrip irrigation was used in ancient times by filling buried clay pots with cold water and allowing the water to gradually seep into the soil. Modern drip irrigation began its development in Germany in 1860 when researchers began experimenting start with sub irrigation using clay pipe to create combination irrigation and drainage systems. In 1913, E.Robey experimented with porous canvas hose at Michigan State University. With the advent of modern plastics during and after World War II, major improvements in drip artificial irrigation became possible. Plastic micro tubing and various types of emitters began to be used in the greenhouses of Europe and the United States. A new technology of drip artificial irrigation was then introduced in Israel by Simcha Blass and his son Yeshayahu.ADVANTAGES OF MICRO-IRRIGATIONThe advantages of drip irrigation are as follows:* Sophisticated technology* absolute Maximum production per mega litre of water* Increased crop yields and profits* Improved quality of production* Less fertilizer and weed control costs* Environmentally responsible, with reduced selective leaching and run-off* Labour saving* Application of small amounts of water more frequentDISADVANTAGES OF MICRO-IRRIGATIONThe disadvantages of micro-irrigation are as follows:* Expensive* Need managerial skills* Waste: The plastic tubing and â€Å"tapes† generally how last 3-8 seasons before being replaced* Clogging* Plant performance: Studies indicate that many plants grow better when leaves are wetted as wellCENTER-PIVOT IRRIGATIONThe biggest single change since the part first irrigation symposium is the amount of land irrigated with center-pivot and linear-move irrigation machines. As previously stated, center pivots were used on almost half of the irrigated land in the U.S. in 2008 (USDA-NASS, 2012).

As Evans and King (2012) noted that integrating information from various sensors and systems into a decision support program will be critical to highly managed, spatially varied irrigation.Technology has allowed irrigators to precisely control irrigation. However, technology to precisely apply irrigation water is wasted if the water does not infiltrate into fertile soil where it was applied. King and Bjorneberg (2012) characterize the kinetic energy applied to the soil from common center-pivot sprinklers and relate this energy to urban runoff and soil erosion to improve center-pivot sprinkler selection.Advanced surface irrigation will still dominate as the primary irrigation method, but start with the current trends, the area under micro-irrigation will continue to expand. Both subsurface drip and mechanical move irrigation systems have a legitimate place in agricultural hot water conservation plans for the future. Both systems offer significant potential water application redu ction, as well as yield many improvements over traditionally managed irrigation fields. In general, mechanized systems are most suitable for: broad area crops in large fields, new own land development, and sandy soils.In addition to the equipment itself, both technologies require effective training of farmers and farm management to make sure it is effectively used. Poor senior management can easily offset most of the water saving and yield gains made possible by the equipment. Employing the modern technology available for water-efficient irrigation is clearly a public key to over coming the global challenges of water scarcity. Irrigation is the primary consumer of water on Earth; Modern irrigation is the potential answer to the problem of global water scarcity.Solomon, and G.J. Hoffman. 2002.

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ASABE 55(2): 505-512. Koegelenberg, F. and R. Reinders., R. G. Evans, and F. R.in Agric. 28(3): (in press) Kruse, A., B.A.Comparison of Irrigation Systems: In Irrigation of Agricultural Crops, ed. (Madison, WI: American Society of Agronomy, 1990), 475-505. Kumar, R. and J.

Irrig. Drain. Eng. 129:432-439.Kranz, A. L. Thompson, and H. Liang.O’Brien .E. 1998.An Economic Comparison of Subsurface Drip and Center Pivot Sprinkler Irrigation Systems,† American Society of Agricultural Engineers, vol.2006. Modernization and optimization of irrigation systems to increase water productivity. Agric. Water Manage.