Incentive Program for Retention of Employees Research Proposal

Incentive Program for Retention of Employees - Research Proposal Example Replacing a staff worker is apparently costly; on top of that, a company’s reputation is also threatened. As it is, nobody feels self-assured when dealing with a business firm that is incapable of keeping their employees intact. It implies volatility, mediocre management and lack of effectual planning. Notwithstanding the reasons why a worker leaves his/her job, more often than not the employee departs with a sour taste in their mouth. Such reaction and sensitivity are taken with them – together with the skills they learned and accumulated and these sentiments are frequently repeated to future employers and within their personal network. Evidently, losing knowledgeable and competent individuals can smash up a company’s reputation for years to come. Finally, continuous high turnover generates strife and psychological instability within a workforce, for one, positions made vacant create bigger workloads for other staff workers, workloads which are usually outside o f their position profiles or job descriptions. This sense of shakiness and aggravation can trigger work log jams which correspondingly slow down productivity. More importantly, workers’ lack of faith in an organization increases when they see their co-workers depart and such will definitely influence productivity work levels in implausibly depressing ways (Lake, 2000, pp. 65-72; Smith, 2000, p. 22). There is a considerable economic effect when an organization loses any of its vital workers, especially with the knowledge that is lost with the employee’s departure. It will become notably more important in the years ahead to be aware of the commitment of individuals to an organization, as well as the organization’s need to produce an environment where one would be willing to stay. In essence, it is imperative for organizations to either create an intellectual capital environment where the diffusion of knowledge come about right through the system or keep on losing significant individual knowledge that has been built up during the length of service.

An Anthropological Perspective ofa Buddhist Ceremony Essay

An Anthropological Perspective ofa Buddhist Ceremony - Essay Example Buddhism has been in existence for many years now and approximately 2500 years ago, Siddhartha Gautama, referred to as Buddha, was on his own awakened (enlightened) at the age of 35 (Bechert, & Richard Gombrich 1984). Buddhism goes further than religion or ritual and is significantly related to a philosophy or a way of life. The reason why Buddhism is seen as a philosophy is due to the fact that philosophy stands for love of wisdom and the Buddhist course can be summarized as a religion that fosters moral lifestyle, is mindful and aware of thoughts and actions and helps in developing wisdom and understanding (Bechert, et al.,1984). Buddhism illustrates a value of life, goals and objectives as it explains evident unfairness and inequality in all parts of the world and it offers a code of customs, way of life or actions that bring about proper happiness (Ajahn 2010). In the present day, Buddhism is becoming accepted for a wide range of reasons. This is due to the fact that Buddhism is said to provide solutions to a number of problems in the contemporary material world. Buddhism also encompass the people who are concerned with profound understanding of the cognitive world the human beings and the natural therapies that that expert psychologists in all spheres of the world are finding out to be equally very sophisticated and helpful (Davidson 2003). Siddhartha Gautama was born in a noble family in Lumbini, found in Nepal in 563 BC. At the age of 29 Gautama discovered that riches and lavishness did not ascertain happiness, therefore he discovered the diverse teachings of religions and philosophy with the intention of finding the explanation to human happiness (Donath 1971). 6 years after study and meditation, he in the end established â€Å"the middle path’ and was enlightened. Subsequent to becoming enlightened, Buddha used most of his time imparting knowledge, values and principles of Buddhism referred to Dhamma, or truth, until his passing away at the age of 80 (Dzongsar 2011). Gautama was never a God and he never claimed to be one. He was a man who focused in teaching a course to enlightenment from his own experiences. Buddhists at times pay tribute to images of the Buddha, however not in worship not to solicit favors (Gethin 1998). A statue Buddha with hands rested lightly in his lap and a gentle smile is reminiscent of the need to working hard to create peace and love in ourselves. Bending over ritual to the statue in the Buddhism ceremony is a gesture of appreciation for the teachings. Above all, one major lesson in the ceremony of Buddha is the riches do not guarantee happiness and as well riches are not permanent. Today, it is evident that many people from different parts of the world suffer however those who fully understand the teaching of Buddha can find true happiness (Goldstein 2002). There are varying kinds of Buddhism for the reason that the focus alternates from nation to nation on account of traditions and way of life . In actual fact, the real meaning of the teaching does not vary at all despite in the Dhamma or the truth (Goldstein, et al., 2002). Buddhism is as well a belief system that tolerates other beliefs, myths, taboos or religions. Buddhism is in agreement with the moral values of other religions. However, Buddhism goes ahead to provide a long lasting objective in our existence based on wisdom and true understanding (Bechert, et al., 1984). Actual Buddhism is significantly forbearing and not worried with labels like Christian, Muslim or Hindu. This is in fact the main reason why there have never been any conflicts based on the name of Buddhism. This is because Buddhists do not preach and attempt to convert, only illustrate in case a

Critically discuss how THREE selected environmental tools or methods Essay

Critically discuss how THREE selected environmental tools or methods could be applied to minimise the environmental impacts of - Essay Example Wind farms with many of such structures occupy a lot of space on the landscape. Onshore wind farms are always about three kilometres away from the shoreline. The turbines in these farms are located in hilly areas since wind blows heavily on hilly areas. Wind turbines cause landscape and visual effects depending on their number at a particular area, their height, size and colour. The effects may also depend on their site tracks, buildings, their grid connection, and â€Å"transmission lines† (Murgante et al., 2011). According to Ottmar et al (2011), wind turbines have a number of impacts on the environment. These include visual impacts, noise impacts, effects on land use, and effects on the birds that live around the wind farms. In addition, there are electronic interferences and constraints on the natural reserve areas. During the construction of a wind turbine, there are some pollutants that released into the atmosphere. The wind turbines are seen to be very noisy and they ar e also unsightly, thereby interfering with the natural beauty of â€Å"the landscape.† Sustainable Development Commission (2009) disagrees that wind farms are noisy and explains that the levels of noise from wind farm is equal to the background in rural places at night. Despite their negative impacts on the environment, onshore wind farms play a crucial part in achieving renewable energy targets. However, the many advantages that come with the farms can only be realised if proper planning is done. The contemporary wind farms are mostly large and not only help in environmental conservation, but also bring a lot of benefits to the communities that live around the farms. Among the advantages of using onshore wind farms is that wind is available free of charge and appropriate technology is available to harvest energy from wind as noted by Sustainable Development Commission (2009). Moreover, although the initial costs of installing wind turbines are high, maintenance cost are rela tively low after installation. It can also be used to generate power in rural areas where there is no power connection. Given the varying impacts to the humans, landscape aesthetics and the surrounding environment that implementation of such project poses; it is critical that environmental managers employ tools to manage this impacts. Thompson (2002) lists various tools and methods that can be used for environmental management and environmental performance improvement. To manage the impacts of the 40 turbine onshore wind farm project; EIA, LCA and GIS as the most appropriate environmental management tools. EIA has been selected because it helps to predict the impacts of a project and propose mitigation measures while GIS allows environmental managers make decision based on spatial relationship of features. LCA allows decision makers to carry out a comprehensive assessment of the life cycle of the project thereby facilitating decision making. Environmental Impact Management EIA is a tool used in decision-making whose main purpose is to not only identify and evaluate the likely environmental impacts of a given project (Glasson et al., 2005). EIA is

Chaucer creates humour Essay Example for Free

Chaucer creates humour Essay The Merchants Tale is only rarely seen as humorous; most often it is noted for its darkness, its unrelieved acidity; it is said to offer a perversion of the courtly code.1 I disagree with this statement made by J. S. P. Tatlock. Chaucer was successful at creating humour within his narratives, which is partly why his works were, and still are, so popular. Humour can be achieved through a variety of elements including plot, characterisation, language, timing and circumstance. Chaucer used of all these, but largely drew upon the satirical portrayals of both the courtly love genre and religion within The Merchants Tale. The tale opens with The Merchant who is envious and astringent of all people that are of a higher class than he; therefore, in his narrative, he targets and satirizes the traditions of the knightly class, including the romantic conventions of courtly love often attributed to the upper classes.  Another of Chaucers tales is The Knights Tale which is about two knights and close friends, Arcite and Palamon, who are imprisoned by Theseus, duke of Athens. Whilst in prison they fall in love with the beautiful sister of Hippolyta, Emily (Emelye). The sense of competition brought about by this love causes them to hate each other. They eventually get let out of prison and fight each other to win the girl.  Arcite wins the battle, but dies before he can claim Emily, so Palamon marries her. The story introduces many typical aspects of knighthood such as courtly love and ethical dilemmas. The Merchants Tale begins with a description of Januarie who is presented, satirically, as A worthy knight. The Merchant however attempts to display to the audience that this knight is not worthy at all. He contrasts him to the knights in The Knights Tale. Theseus was tough, forceful, confident and young but Januarie is portrayed as old and fading, old and hoor. He is also shown as an exception to many knightly virtues, as he folwed al his bodily delit On women, thereas was his apetite. This portrayal of him shows the audience that he is in fact obsessed with women and sex. In the tale he attempts to gain himself a young wife, despite the warnings of his advisors. Chaucer uses the dialogue of the characters to explain to Januarie that a young wife will be difficult to keep happy at his age. He makes Januarie exclaim that She shal nat passe twenty yeer, certain Thanne shoulde I lede my lif in avoutrye,/ And go straight to the devel whan I die. Chaucer portrays him as a character envious of youth, so much so that if he cannot have a young wife he will have no choice but to sin. In other words, he must have a young wife for his own moral safety. This is not the image of a strong and powerful knight like Theseus. Januarie fails in the area of courtly love and ends up having his courtship mocked by the Merchant. This not only creates humour in the audiences eyes as we see how dim-witted Januarie really is, but it also creates sympathy for the character as he cannot help how he is portrayed. Another example of the use of satire is the whole incident with Damien, May and Januarie and the adultery issue. One could argue that May does not love Damien any more than she loves January. He could perhaps just be a suitable alternative for May to love. When she receives a love-letter from Damien, she disposes of it in the toilet (privy) which could show this lack of love for him. Therefore, her motivation for adultery could be seen as an action of revenge, as January assaulted May by marrying her, and not out of affection for Damien. This is satire on the whole theme of courtly love. This feeling of revenge on her part is further demonstrated in the cuckold scene. May deceives January in the garden and we, as the audience, cannot blame her for doing so. January built the garden so that he can have May sexually in the way he wants her. She feigns pregnancy and then steps onto Januarys back to have sex with Damien in the tree. She has been stepped on by January and now she gets to do the same to him. When Januarys sight is restored by the Gods, he rightfully accuses her of adultery. In response she acts impertinent and insulted: This thank have I for I have maad yow see/ Allas, quod she, that evere I was so kinde!'. This creates humour as the audience knows that Chaucer is satirising the idea of courtly love and cannot believe that Januarie is so dense that he believes Mays excuse.

Miltons Satan in Paradise Lost Essay -- John Milton Satan Paradise Lo

Milton's Satan in Paradise Lost After researching Satan and his kingdom, Hell, through the Bible and Paradise Lost to compare and contrast the two characterizations, I realized that Milton must have been a true Bible scholar. Milton’s Satan is described so closely to the Biblical view of Satan that it is often times hard to distinguish the two. Milton changed and elaborated on a few characteristics of his Satan and his Hell in order to create Paradise Lost, but based his characterization and his descriptions on his interpretation of the Bible, using his imagination to form a more vivid picture of how horrible Satan and Hell are in reality. The action of Book One in Paradise Lost begins immediately after God has thrown Satan and his other fallen angels down to Hell from Heaven. The reader then comes to know that Satan was cast into Hell because he became too proud and believed that his power was equal to God’s own power. He wanted to set himself up on a pedestal in Heaven. Milton writes, â€Å"What time his pride had cast him out from Heaven, with all his host of rebel angels, by whose aid aspiring to set himself in glory above his peers, he trusted to have equaled the Most High† (Norton 1819). In the book of Isaiah, the story is relayed very similarly to Milton’s version of how and why Satan fought against God and that he was thrown down into Hell. Milton speaks of Satan as â€Å"O how fallen!† (Isaiah 14:12-15). This phrase comes directly from Isaiah 14:12. Isaiah wrote, â€Å"How you are fallen fro m Heaven, O Lucifer, son of the morning!† (Isaiah 14:12). Isaiah continues in the same fashion as Milton in verse... .... Abrams, M.H. (editor). The Norton Anthology of English Literature. 7th Edition. Volume 1. New York City, NY: W.W. Norton and Co., 2000. pp. 1815-1825. 2. Abrams, M.H. (editor). The Norton Anthology of English Literature. Volume 2. New York City, NY: W.W. Norton and Co., 1968. pp. 704-707. 3. Coleridge, Samuel Taylor. The Statesman’s Manual; or the Bible the best Guide To Political Skill and Foresight: A Lay Sermon, Addressed to the Higher Classes of Society. London: Gale & Fenner, J. M. Richardson, and J. Hatchard, 1816. 4. Extreme Teen Bible: New King James Version. Ed. Bruce Barton, Christopher Hudson, and David Veerman: Thomas Nelson Publishers, 1999 5. Shelley, Percy Bysshe. A Defense of Poetry. Indianapolis: The Bobbs-Merrill Co., 1904 6. The Nelson Study Bible: New King James Version. Ed. Earl Radmacher,Th.D., Thomas Nelson Publishers, 1997

Pride and Prejudice :: essays research papers

Pride and Prejudice is set some 200 years ago in England. When the story opens, we are introduced to the Bennett family on their estate, Longburn. A handsome, wealthy gentleman named Charles Bingley has just moved to the neighborhood. Charles develops a crush for Jane Bennett, but his friend, Fitzwilliam Darcy, thinks Jane is not good enough for his friend. Becauseof this, Darcy, along with the help of Charles' sisters', plots to break up Jane and Charles. In themean time, though, Darcy falls for Jane's sister, Elizabeth.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Elizabeth Bennett, though, detests Darcy. She sees him as being to haughty. She hears, through word of mouth that he is rude and cheated George Wickham out of his inheritence. Then, George begins to court Jane.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Since Mr. Bennett has no sons, his heir is to be the closest male to the family. This turns out to be a man named Mr. Collins. Collins is a priest who is very arrogant. He marries Elizabeth's friend, Charlotte Lucas. Charlotte marries Collins to get away from he life, not for love.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Because Elizabeth frequently visits her friend Charlotte, who lives with Darcy's aunt, she sees Darcy often. Darcy beings to ask Elizabeth to marry him, but each time she refuses. She's angry at him for breaking up Jane and Bingley's love affair, and because she was led to believe he stole George Wickham's inheritance. Darcy admitted to interfering with her sisters' relationship, but denies any involvement with Wickham and his inheritence. He claims Wickham is not what he appears to be, but actually is a dishonest.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  At this point, Elizabeth is beinging to like Darcy. She goes on a trip with her aunt and uncle to Darcy's mansion. While there, his housekeeper tried to cinvince Elizabeth what a great person Darcy is.

Examination Paper of Business Communication Essay

Examination Paper MM.100 Subject Code-B-109 Business Communication Section A: Objective Type & Short Questions (30 marks) ï‚ ·This section consists of multiple choices and Short Notes type questions. ï‚ ·Answer all the questions. ï‚ ·Part one questions carry 1 mark each & Part Two questions carry 4 marks each. Part one: Multiple choices: 1.__________is an essential function of Business Organizations: a. Information b. Communication c. Power d. None of the above 2. Physiological Barriers of listening are: a. Hearing impairment b. Physical conditions c. Prejudices d. All of the above 3.Which presentation tend to make you speak more quickly than usual: a. Electronic b. Oral c. Both „a‟ and „b‟ d. None of the above 4. What is the main function of Business Communication: a. Sincerity b. Positive language c. Persuasion d. Ethical standard 5. The responsibilities of the office manager in a firm that produces electronics spares is: a. Everything in the office runs efficiently b. Furniture and other equipment in the office is adequate c. Processing all the incoming official mail and responding to some d. All of the above 6.Labov‟s Storytelling Model based on: a. Communication through speech b. Language learning c. Group Discussions d. None of the above 7. Diagonal Communication is basically the: a.Communication across boundaries b.Communication between the CEO and the managers c.Communication through body language d.Communication within a department 8.How to make Oral Communication Effective? a.By Clarity b.By Brevity c.By Right words d.All of the above 9. Direct Eye contact of more than 10 seconds can create: a.Discomfort & Anxiety b.Emotional relationship between listeners and speakers c.Excitement d.None of the above 10. Encoding means: a.Transmission b.Perception c.Ideation d.None of the above Part Two: 1. Define 7C‟s of effective communication. The 7C’s of effective communication is the seven term starting with the letter C which makes communication more understanding, valuable and effective. They are:- Courtesy & Consideration – To improve relationship Completeness & Consistency- To introduce stability Clarity – To make comprehension better Concreteness – Reinforcing confidence Credibility- for building trust Conciseness – Saves time Correctness – for building confidence 2. Explain ‘Space Language’. Space language is how we communicate with the space around us. The space around its content and the people surrounding around the organisation differ to convey a definite meaning. For example, the personal space such as the office environment, defined for higher ranked workers differs from that of lower ranked workers in terms of comfort in seating and settings. 3. Differentiate between good listeners and bad listeners. Good listener Bad listener Finds opportunity and ask question Tunes out dry subject Does not judge until he understands fully and interrupts only to clarify Argumentative in approach Listens for central themes Listen for facts More flexible in its approach to taking notes Less flexible approach to taking notes Fights/avoids distraction and tolerates bad habit and knows how to concentrate Distracted easily Exercise the mind by working on heavier material Seeks light material Interprets emotional without getting hung up Reacts to emotional words 4. List the different types of business report. Business reports can be classified based on the purpose of preparation: a)Routine Reports:- Progress reports Inspection reports Performance Appraisals Periodical reports b) Special Reports Investigation Reports Survey/feasibility reports First information reports Business Reports can also be classified based on content of report such as: Informational reports Analytical reports 5. Define ‘Kinesics’. Kinesics is the interpretation of body language such as facial expressions and gestures or, more formally, non-verbal behaviour related to movement, either of any part of the body or the body as a whole. ‘Kinesics’ means body movements. Using these movements or body language, communication is possible. It can reflect thought, feelings and position. Examples of body language are blinking our eyes, nodding our head or waving our hand. Kinesics is important for communication since it is a form of communication the receiver of the communication can interpret and can act on. For example, the nodding of the head can be a response such as ‘yes’ and the waiving of a hand can mean ‘move’. However one of disadvantage of kinesics is that sometimes the body language can be wrongly interpreted to represent the wrong information received by the receiver from the sender. This barrier communication with kinesics is an issue can be synonymous as having a breakdo wn in communication and also since it is non-verbal, ‘kinesics’ can also be a hindrant to communication if overemphasised in its use. However Kinesics can be a facilitator to communication if it is used in an efficient and conformed way. A typical example is the use of giving signs such as  Ã¢â‚¬ËœHand signals’ on the road by traffic officers to facilitate traffic flow. In Organisations and communication, ‘Kinesics’ can help to direct communication when used in conjunction with verbal communication. END OF SECTION A Examination Paper of Business Communication Section B: Caselets (40 marks) ï‚ ·This section consists of Caselets. ï‚ ·Answer all the questions. ï‚ ·Each Caselet carries 20 marks. ï‚ ·Detailed information should form the part of your answer (Word limit 150 to 200 words). Caselet 1 Mr. and Mrs. Sharma went to Woodlands Apparel to buy a shirt. Mr. Sharma did not read the price tag on the piece selected by him. At the counter, while making the payment he asked for the price. Rs. 950 was the answer. Meanwhile, Mrs. Sharma, who was still shopping came back and joined her husband. She was glad that he had selected a nice black shirt for himself. She pointed out that there was a 25% discount on that item. The counter person nodded in agreement. Mr. Sharma was thrilled to hear that â€Å"It means the price of this shirt is just Rs. 712. That’s fantastic†, said Mr. Sharma. He decided to buy one more shirt in blue color. In no time, he returned with the second shirt and asked them to be packed. When he received the cash memo for payment, he was astonished to find that he had to pay Rs. 1,900 and Rs. 1,424. Mr. Sharma could hardly reconcile himself to the fact that the counter person had quoted the discounted price which was Rs. 950. The original price prin ted on the price tag was Rs. 1,266. Questions 1. What should Mr. Sharma have done to avoid the misunderstanding? It was apparent that Mr. Sharma did not read the price tag. By reading the price tag, he would have known about the actual price.Mr. Sharma should have also  asked the counter person about the actual price of the shirt instead of relying on Mrs Sharma’s interpretation of the price. The fact that the counter person nodded when Mrs Sharma pointed out about the discount meant that there was no verbal understanding when they received their cash memo. 2. Discuss the main features involved in this case. The main features involves in this case is that the right message was not conveyed to the user. In fact, the message was ineffective to Mr. Sharma since he failed to communicate using the linear model. This meant that the sender did not encode the message by not reading the price tag and hence failed to decode and receive the message properly. This meant a breakdown in communication. Also the two-way communication did not work since the feedback was not appropriate and lead to disastrous outcome when payment receipt was given. Also body language was wrongly interpreted hence leading to failure in effective and correct response. All these features meant that there were barriers to communication leading to undesired result. Caselet 2 I don’t want to speak to you. Connect me to your boss in the US,† hissed the American on the phone. The young girl at a Bangalore call centre tried to be as polite as she could. At another call centre, another day, another young girl had a Londoner unleashing himself on her, â€Å"Young lady, do you know that because of you Indians we are losing jobs?† The outsourcing backlash is getting ugly. Handling irate callers is the new brief for the young men and women taking calls at these outsourced job centres. Supervisors tell them to be „cool‟. Avinash Vashistha, managing partner of NEOIT, a leading US-based consultancy firm says, â€Å"Companies involved in outsourcing both in the US and India are already getting a lot of hate mail against outsourcing and it is hardly surprising that some people should behave like this on the telephone.† Vashistha says Indian call centres should train their operators how to handle such calls. Indeed, the furor rais ed by the Western media over job losses because of outsourcing has made ordinary citizens there sensitive to the fact that their calls are being taken not from their midst, but in countries such as India and the Philippines. The angry outbursts the  operators face border on the racist and sexist, says the manager of a call centre in Hyderabad. But operators and senior executives of call centres refuse to go on record for fear of kicking up a controversy that might result in their companies‟ losing clients overseas. â€Å"It’s happening often enough and so let’s face it,† says a senior executive of a Gurgaon call centre, adding, â€Å"This doesn’t have any impact on business.† Questions 1) Suppose you are working as an operator in a call centre in India and receiving calls from Americans and Londoners. How would you handle such calls? Handling such calls involves effective communication to limit the misunderstanding between callers and receivers. It is crucial that the caller is handled with the best practice of effective communication and this involves basic knowledge of elements of communication process. For example, the caller is basically the sender and must be interpreted properly by the receiver who in turns encodes the message for a desired outcome. Through this channel of communication, it is important that the receiver does not give feedback which influences the sender’s moods and attitude and is not in accordance with the sender’s expectation. For example, angry outburst can sometimes be remedied by controlled ideas of reinforcement or correct ideas in the mind of the receiver. Such can be seen in examples whereby proper questions as well as words are used to the sender is asked and proper as well as correct answers is provided to eliminate doubt in the senders mind. Handling such calls inv olved having the proper mindset in terms of communication in the operators mind as well as proper training. 2) Do you agree with the view such abusive happenings on the telephone do not have any Impact on business? When communication is effective such abusive happenings will be limited although there is what we call ‘difficult customers’. Impact on business can be positive if abusive calls are turned into ‘happy successful stories’. These customers will show appreciation if they are handled with care. Whilst of course, it is not always easy to please everyone; effective communication can help build bridges between the callers and the person handling these calls. Racist remarks can sometimes be ignored and maybe misunderstood due to cultural barriers at times. Callers must be diverted to stay on the course of achieving the goal of communication and hence limit the impact on business. END OF SECTION B Section C: Applied Theory (30 marks) ï‚ ·This section consists of Applied Theory Questions. ï‚ ·Answer all the questions. ï‚ ·Each question carries 15 marks. ï‚ ·Detailed information should form the part of your answer (Word limit 200 to 250 words). ` 1.What do you understand by Communication Barriers? How and why do they occur? What can be done to overcome the Barriers to Communication? Communication barriers happen when there are negative forces affecting effective communication. Since communication is a process of transfer of ideas and expressions, it is crucial that the basic elements of communication are achieved in terms of sender and receiver via proper channels of communication. Barriers can be semantic whereby meaning of message is wrongly receipted via sender to receiver. An organizational barrier occurs when there is negative communication influence within the organization limiting effective communication. An interpersonal barrier happens upon inter-relations, values held and attitudes of individuals also limiting the correct flow and effectiveness of communication. Individual barriers also limit effective communication and are also called psycho-sociological barriers. Most of the individual barriers is due to the incom petence to process the information properly and results in negative flow of information thus providing a communication barrier. Cross-cultural barrier occurs based on cultural perception by the individual thus also limiting communication effectiveness. Physical barrier are occurring whenever there is noise, distance or any physical-related barriers limiting  the proper flow of communication. Technological barriers also affect effective communication due to the technological advancement used in disseminating the communication. In order to overcome the barriers to communication, it is vital that meaning of messages is clear, precise and not ambiguous to convey the correct meaning to the receiver. Information sent and received must not be wrongly interpretation by proper contextualising and also properly defined to achieve 100 percent transmission efficiency from sender to receiver. Organizational barriers can be limited by implementing positive communication influence with example s uch as proximity of telephones to operators and effective communication procedures in place. Interpersonal barriers can be adjusted by overcoming superior and subordinate relationship in the organization. Individual barriers can be limited by working on effective communication in interpersonal communication. Cross-cultural communication can be overcome by understanding the customs of the communicator and responding appropriately to their cultural diversity. Physical barriers need to be resolved in terms of limiting loss of content and message when sending and delivering as well as in the process of the information for an effective communication. Technological assets need to be carefully selected before being implemented to limit communication effectiveness. To overcome the barriers, the sender should know who the message is for, Why should the message be communicated, what to communicate, When to communicate the message and How and Where the message should be communicated. The recei ver should be ready to accept the message by being attentive, listening actively, clarifying and repeating where necessary and check receipt of information with sender. 1. Define and explain the term Negotiation and also briefly explain the phases of Negotiation. Negotiation is a process by which a compromise or agreement is reached while avoiding argument. In order, to achieve negotiation, one must negotiate effectively and hence use effective communication to achieve a positive end result such as a positive agreement or compromise. In order for any negotiation to be effective, individuals must achieve the best possible outcome for their position or for the organisation they represent. The  principles of fairness, seeking mutual benefit and maintaining a relationship are the keys to a successful outcome. Negotiation is important to reduce conflict and disagreement that arise from misunderstanding and ineffective communication. The process of negotiation includes the following stages: Preparation, Discussion, Clarifying goal, Negotiate towards a positive outcome, Agreement, Implementation Preparation: In order for negotiation to take place, and to be effective a decision needs to be taken as to when and where a meeting will take place to discuss the problem and who will attend. Setting a time-scale is important to prevent the disagreement continuing. The Preparation stage will help to avoid further conflict and unnecessarily wasting time during the meeting. Discussion: In the discussion stage, individuals or members of each side submit and put forward their case as they see it, i.e. their understanding of the situation. Important key skills during the discussion stage are questioning, listening and clarifying. Sometimes, notes during the discussion stage are taken to record all points put forward in case as there is need for further clarification. Clarification of goals: Based on discussion, the goals, interests and viewpoints of both parties in the disagreement need to be clarified. Through this clarification it is often possible to identify or establish common groun d. Negotiate towards a Positive outcome: A positive outcome or Win-win situation is emphasized at this stage. If such is not possible, parties will try to compromise and try not to differ as much as possible for arguments and agreements sake. Agreement: Once both sides have understood the terms of the negotiation, agreements are reached by both sides with the objectives of being clear of what has been decided and agreed upon. Implementation of a course of action: Based on the agreement, a course of action is therefore implemented to carry through the decision. Failure to achieve negotiation might involve recalling or rescheduling another meeting to re-discuss. There are instances where negotiation can be informal and these can happen when there is different in opinion or how the matter at hand is settled. The three elements that affect negotiation outcomes are: 1. Attitudes 2. Knowledge 3. Interpersonal Skills Dismissal of the negotiatiated issue can also occur if there is no solution to the negotiation. END OF SECTION C